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臭氧:碧空下的“污染”隐忧

2017-08-23 11:03:26   中国经济网

虽然不及雾霾污染那么“显眼”,但是臭氧污染近年来呈加剧趋势。来自环保部门的数据显示,2015年,我国74个重点城市臭氧年均浓度继续上升,上升比例为3.4%;达标城市比例继续下降,下降比例为5.4%。在京津冀地区,臭氧成为首要污染物的天数已超过PM10,仅次于PM2.5;在长三角地区,臭氧成为唯一不降反升的污染物。以华北地区为例,今年4月和5月,一些站点曾测得臭氧1小时平均浓度达350微克/立方米甚至更高。

专家根据对环保和气象观测资料的融合分析,2016年上半年,全国地面臭氧平均浓度为89.8微克/立方米,比2013年同期升高12.1%,比2015年同期升高8.2%。相对高值区域分布在东北地区中南部、华北、黄淮、江淮、江汉、西北地区东部。相对于2013年同期,中东部大部地区明显升高,其中河北中部、河南中部、甘肃中部升幅超过25微克/立方米。

天人合力治理污染

臭氧污染的形成有两名“帮凶”,一种是氮氧化物,其本身也是一种污染物;另一种就是烯烃、芳香烃等挥发性有机物。而这两种物质主要来源于汽车尾气、火力发电厂、油品挥发等。

可汽车污染、油品挥发等早就存在,为何臭氧污染总是集中爆发?“天气条件是最直接的导火索。”徐晓斌说。高温、强辐射会加速光化学反应,导致大量臭氧出现;稳定的大气层结、小风也会导致臭氧在局地累积。

因此,要想避免遭受臭氧污染,一方面需要“老天帮忙”,一方面则需要人为治理。

从“天时”而言,降雨利于清除臭氧等污染物,因而我国臭氧污染日出现规律与雨带移动位置有关——雨带移走,臭氧浓度就会上升。4月份开始,华北南部、黄淮、江淮等地臭氧浓度超标日数开始增加;5月份随着华南雨季开始,辐射减弱,珠三角的臭氧超标日数减少,但是华北南部、黄淮、江淮等地臭氧浓度超标日数呈增加趋势;6月至7月,江淮、江南地区梅雨季节,辐射减少,臭氧超标日数减少,但是在华北地区呈增加趋势。掌握这些规律对于预防臭氧污染有积极的意义。

从“人事”来讲,“人类不可能呼风唤雨,也阻止不了高温和强紫外线的出现,但是我们可以控制形成臭氧的‘帮凶’,即氮氧化物和挥发性有机物,这些物质大部分来自人类的排放。如果每个人能身体力行,努力减排,就能为减少臭氧污染贡献自己的力量。”徐晓斌说。

事实上,对于臭氧污染问题,我国已经部署了PM2.5和臭氧协同控制,出台了VOCs的治理政策标准,大幅度削减氮氧化物等措施。但臭氧的形成机理十分复杂,控制难度大。目前包括发达国家在内,臭氧污染是仍然还没有完全解决的大气污染问题。环保部相关负责人表示,下一步,我国将对工业源、移动源、生活源等多类污染源综合施策,在改善PM2.5的同时遏制臭氧污染。同时加强科学研究,研究臭氧的生成机理以及重点地区氮氧化物和VOCs的最佳协同减排比例,更加科学、有效地指导臭氧污染防控工作。

在臭氧污染问题无法短期内解决的当下,人们该如何预防这位“无形杀手”带来的伤害呢?徐晓斌表示,“太阳出来后,臭氧浓度逐渐上升,在14时至16时达到最高。从傍晚到第二天太阳升起之前,浓度快速下降,一般不会像雾霾那样在大气稳定的情况下逐日累积。因此,可以根据臭氧日变化明显的特点,最简单有效的措施就是尽量避免在晴热的午间和午后时段在室外活动。”(经济日报-中国经济网记者 杜芳)

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