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西藏波密3.1地震 为什么青藏高原周边多地震?

2017-08-22 09:48:30   北京晚报

值得一提的是,在6000万年之前,中国的西部还大都在海面以下,当时的地势是东高西低,大河向西流。随着后面的撞击的持续,青藏高原地区才一点点地从一片洼地长成今天的平均海拔超过4500米的高原。

高原的扩张从未停止——印度板块正以每年30多毫米的速度向北移动

青藏高原作为世界上面积最大的高原,实际上并不是一开始就是这样。几千万年以来,青藏高原不仅在高度上不断生长,而且在水平方向上也没有放弃扩张。

如果你去挤压一块橡皮泥,在挤压的方向上橡皮泥会缩短,两侧会被挤出。对于青藏高原来说,也有类似的效应。来自南方的力量一直往北压去,但是北方也存在同样坚硬的地块,比如华北板块、塔里木板块等。在这些坚硬板块的阻挡下,青藏高原内部的物质开始向两侧运动。

利用GPS数据对青藏高原及喜马拉雅山两侧板块运动的研究发现,印度板块目前正以每年30多毫米的速度向北移动。越过喜马拉雅山后,这个速度下降了一半。消失的那部分速度分量被喜马拉雅山吸收而升高,余下的一半则继续推挤着高原向北运动。这一半又有一部分被高原内部的变形吸收,另外一部分则在高原的中部逐渐转向,分别向东和向西走去。

当然,高原扩张领地的过程也不是一帆风顺,因为高原的四周同样也是大陆,也不会轻易让步。所以在不断的挤压过程中,高原周边原本平坦的陆地也就逐渐变成了高山峻岭区。

一些研究者把四川盆地西北部的主要海拔在5000~6000米的山峰和河流的分水岭做了连线,发现这些连线可以组成一个平面,且平面形成的时候海拔可能在500~1000米左右。这说明在早些时候,这些地方是一片平整的陆地,由于高原的扩张而被抬高,并被河流切割成为一道道山岭和一座座山峰。

而在四川盆地的两侧,由于没有坚硬地块的阻挡,来自高原的物质力量得以从盆地两边溜走。如果我们翻开地图,看一下云南以及东南亚地区的地形,就会发现有许多很深的南北向的峡谷,这就是被印度板块挤出的小型块体向南移动的过程中形成的。而在四川盆地的北边,即甘肃东部、宁夏等地,则形成了六盘山等山脉及一系列的断层。

地震是高原扩张的脚步——一次汶川地震才能把地壳抬高六七米

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