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破除混合所有制改革的八个误区

2017-08-04 07:04:33   中国经济网

混合所有制改革是一个非常复杂的系统工程,涉及股权结构设计、各方利益调整、激励机制重构、产权市场交易以及资产价值判断等企业内外的各种活动,要求确保各类产权得到平等保护,确保股权转让、增资扩股等市场信息公开透明,确保市场交易过程被严格监管和第三方机构的作用有效发挥,这都需要以法律制度建设为前提。

当前,推进混合所有制改革的最大障碍在于,国有股东会担忧国有资产流失的问题;非国有股东及混合所有制企业的其他利益相关者则担忧自身相关权益受到侵犯。如果缺乏在产权、市场、公司治理等各方面的法律制度保障,这种顾虑就难以消除,国企混合所有制改革也就无法实质性推进。因此,混合所有制改革必须试点先行,在试点中不断探索完善相关法律法规,以法律制度建设为前提。只有法律体系相对完善,国企混合所有制改革才能全面地实质性推进。从这个角度看,国企混合所有制改革也就不能设时间表,不能急于求成。

误区六

重股权但轻治理

当前的混合所有制改革中,很多案例都是把工作重点仅放在公司股权重构上,忽视进一步对公司治理结构的健全和完善。

混合所有制改革的最终目标是提高国有企业经营效率和国有资本的运行效率,实现国有资本最大限度地保值增值,更有效地实现各类国有企业的使命。实现这个目标最为直接的决定性因素,就是企业治理结构的健全和完善。混合所有制改革是否完成,不能仅体现在是否引入了非国有股东上,还要体现在是否构建起有效的企业治理结构上,要根据已经颁布的《国务院办公厅关于进一步完善国有企业法人治理结构的指导意见》,具体化和制度化股东会、董事会、经理层、监事会和党组织的权责关系,构建高效的运行机制,保证商业类国有企业的市场主体地位和有效的市场运转机制,保证加强党的领导与完善公司治理有效结合起来。

误区七

重约束却轻激励

无论是从一些国有企业混合所有制改革方案设计中看,还是从一些企业推进混合所有制改革的过程中看,有的仅强调约束国企管理人员的行为,却忽视建立对利益相关者的激励机制,不能很好地实现激励与约束相结合。国有企业混合所有制改革不仅要保证国有资产保值、不流失的“底线”,还要建立有效的激励机制追求国有资产的最大限度增值。一方面,混合所有制改革方案要有利于调动各利益相关方参与和推进改革,保证各方获得公平利益分配和话语权;另一方面还要完善公司治理机制,要能够调动经营管理者、核心员工的积极性,要按照分类分层的原则对经营管理者进行选聘、考核和激励,商业类企业要加大市场化选聘、建立差异化薪酬制度的力度。同时,还要从制度上设立针对个人的“改革容错机制”,改革过程中既有问责机制,也要有免责机制,要信任企业家,鼓励企业家大胆创新。

误区八

重结果而轻过程

一些地方政府因为急于推进国有企业改革,往往采用政府熟悉的目标管理的管理方式,设立国有企业混合所有制改革的时间表,提出在什么时间完成多少家国有企业的混合所有制改革的目标,并将此作为国资管理部门的考核指标,层层分解改革目标任务。

国有企业混合所有制改革应该是一个企业的市场化演进的过程,而不是政府的行政目标管理的过程。推进国有企业混合所有制改革,关键是把握推进过程的管理原则。一是要坚持与国有企业使命和战略要求相符、有协同效应的原则;二是坚持各股东方长期可持续合作的目标导向原则和共赢、负责、尊重的行为原则;三是坚持组织机构企业内要健全、企业外要专业的原则;四是坚持产权交易价格符合资本市场公允价值原则;五是坚持改革过程中的合作方选择、尽职调查与评估、谈判、签署协议、资产交接、后评估等所有环节不可缺省的原则。这样才能真正实现改革的目的。

(原文来源:经济日报 :作者 中国社会科学院工业经济研究所所长、研究员 黄群慧)

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