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经济新动能的五种分析

2017-08-04 07:04:30   中国经济网

【编者的话】中国经济上半年成绩单近日发布,在这份成绩单上,新动能表现“亮眼”。有专家测算,新动能对我国经济的支撑力已达30%,以分享经济、平台经济、高新技术产业为代表的新动能,激活了消费,支撑了新增就业,促进了传统产业的升级,成为牵引中国经济未来的火车头。中国经济正从新旧动能转换的胶着期,步入新动能加速扩张的关键期。那么,在这样的新时期,怎样深层次分析和观察新动能,如何认识新动能带来的机遇及挑战,这需要我们从多个层面来分析。

新动能代表着时代进步的方向,他们的出现无疑为缓解经济下行压力注入了强心剂。机遇自不待言,挑战亦不容忽视。我们不妨从以下5个方面来观察和分析。

分析一:新动能对经济增长的影响。随着颠覆性创新增多,后来者在很多领域不需要模仿前人就可以做得很好。这比较像电子管、晶体管、大规模集成电路间的代际更替,后来者可以忽略做电子管、晶体管的过程,直接研发集成电路。中国作为具有后发优势的国家,在新经济时代可以利用颠覆性创新的机会实现超越。当然,新动能对经济增长的挑战也不容忽视。新工业革命已有多年,在此期间爆发了国际金融危机,各种颠覆性创新并没有带动发达经济体全面复苏。不仅如此,新技术的不断涌现,也会加剧经济发展失衡,掌握先进技术和创新能力的技术型人才和普通劳动者之间的贫富差距可能会加大。

分析二:培育新动能需要新的制度安排。在传统生产要素领域,如土地、资本、劳动;在传统服务业领域,如教育、医疗、科技,这些供给侧的改革应当在上一次工业革命结束前完成,但到目前为止仍在进行。拿劳动来说,人是最有活力的生产要素,但是现有体制不够利于人才的成长和流动。在企业支付给员工的全部报酬中,“五险一金”要占一半左右,加大了创新企业的用工成本。北上广深这些创新企业集中的地方,高薪聘请的人才如果他的户口不在本地,就不能马上买车、买房,不能痛快让孩子上学。除此之外,在其他要素领域,土地没有完全实现市场配置资源,企业在资本市场上融资难、融资贵、融资渠道窄。这些也是供给侧结构性改革需要解决的问题。

分析三:要从正反两方面看新动能对就业的影响。传统经济理论一般认为,随着经济增长,单位GDP吸纳的就业人数会减少。但近几年,单位GDP吸纳就业的人数在增加。比如,2011年经济增长9%左右,全年新增1200多万就业,这几年经济增长7%左右,每年却解决了1300多万就业。这可以解释为新业态带来就业的增长,像电商、快递、网约车等吸纳了很多就业。但也要看到,现在新吸纳的就业大部分是低学历、低技能的岗位,这类岗位的增加会有一个极限,不能认为现在的就业增长势头是一个长久现象。一般来讲,新技术对于人工的替代远多于新产业创造的就业。发达国家已经淘汰了很多职业,比如超市收银员、接线员等,以后被淘汰的工种还会很多。

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