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默克尔大选“惨胜”前路难

2017-09-26 04:41:53   光明网

然而,许多德国人批评默克尔在2015年开始的欧洲难民危机中,未充分考虑欧洲与德国的现实状况,出于“人道主义”断然接收逾110万难民,造成本土安全形势的不稳定。与此同时,德国社会右转趋势增强,东西裂痕带动政治分裂。极端排外组织“Pegida(意为爱国的欧洲人反对西方伊斯兰化)”在德国东部兴起,掀起极端民族主义情绪浪潮,造成当地社会动乱,此次议会选举,首次进入联邦议院便成为第三大党的“德国选择党”获得13.5%选票,成为最大赢家,作为德国最大的极右翼政党,又是默克尔难民政策的主要反对者,势必影响默克尔新任期的政策制订和落实。

因此有德国媒体称默克尔的胜利“虽赢实输”,也确实有一定道理。毕竟此次大选,是基民盟在默克尔领导十二年以来,成绩最差的一次,也是基民盟在战后70年来成绩最差的一次。

  3、赢家:反难民的德国选择党

在此次德国大选中,极右翼政党德国选择党获得13.5%选票,将在631人的德国议会中拥有接近90个席位,一举跃升为第三大党,在东部甚至成为第二大党。德国选择党毫无疑问是本次大选最大的赢家。该党参与本次大选有两位首席候选人:76岁的高兰德来自“极右派”,这位前律师和记者曾是默克尔所领导的基民盟党员,党龄长达40年;38岁的经济学者威德尔是“温和派”代表,她部分时间与自己的伴侣和两个孩子生活在瑞士,还曾在中国工作过6年。

拥有2.3万名党员的德国选择党之所以能在成立4年后就强势进入德国议会,正是凭借反难民的政治主张。此外,反对欧洲一体化、反欧元也是该党自成立以来就坚持的纲领。4年来,德国选择党反对穆斯林移民,反对将伊斯兰信仰融入德国文化,并且凭借排外形象在地方选举中屡创佳绩,动员了许多不投票的选民参选。据报道,德国选择党的选民中有120万人来自从不参与投票的“弃权党”。此外,德国选择党还成功地从其他主流政党分流选票,造成从左到右不管哪个政党,在德国选择党崛起后全都流失选民甚至基层骨干成员。去年9月,德国选择党的全国支持度一度攀升到16%的最高点。

德国选择党的很多政治主张确实迎合了安全感缺失的德国民众的需要。比如德国选择党希望关闭欧盟外部边境,在德国边境设立严格的身份检查,并在国外设立收容所,以预先阻止移民进入德国。该党首席候选人威德尔曾表示,希望在德国实现“移民负增长”的目标。德国选择党还表示德国已经被“伊斯兰化”,并试图扮演基督教传统价值捍卫者的角色。

长年研究极右思潮的柏林自由大学教授冯克认为,当前德国选择党内部的激进右翼派已站稳阵脚,这表示德国国会将来很可能会出现纳粹式的语言,言论将更为尖锐和粗暴,对德国新政府的政治运作是一大挑战。德国选择党经常采取的辩论战术是,首先由“极右派”成员用攻击性语言打破社会禁忌话题,然后由“温和派”出来收场,这样既赚足了眼球,增强了影响力,又不至于出大格。

不过德国主流媒体普遍表示,尽管德国选择党进入联邦议院,也不会构成对民主的威胁,因为,总体上德国人是坚定的民主主义者。极右翼势力和民族主义思潮很难在德国继续滋长,因为德国的历史包袱太沉重,即便欧洲整体右转,德国也将是坚守到最后的那个国家。但是可以肯定的是,作为议会里的最坚定的“捣乱分子”,德国选择党的崛起不会让默克尔的下一个任期顺风顺水。

(光明日报柏林9月25日电)

《光明日报》( 2017年09月26日 11版)

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