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北美自贸协定谈判前景难料

2017-08-22 07:55:35   中国经济网

“美国的主张会成为变相的贸易保护主义”

北美自贸协定于1994年正式生效,这一协定几乎将美、加、墨三国之间所有关税全部取消。1993年至2016年,美、加、墨三国贸易额从3400亿美元增至1.2万亿美元。然而,美国总统特朗普上台后,批评北美自贸协定是灾难性的,“它让加拿大和墨西哥伤害我们”,要求对北美自贸协定进行重新谈判。

莱特希泽表示“北美自贸协定从根本上辜负了很多美国人”,并称该协定导致70万美国人失业。在首轮谈判中,美国要求墨西哥和加拿大做出重大让步,以改变美国的贸易逆差。

在美方提前公布的谈判目标中,减少贸易逆差是特朗普政府的优先目标,而实现方式只有减少美国进口、增加美国出口。特朗普政府试图将“美国优先”理念带入谈判,但具有高度政治敏感性的自贸谈判不可能只偏向于一国。美国越是在谈判中强调“美国优先”,就越可能导致墨西哥和加拿大因面临巨大国内政治压力而拒绝妥协。在加拿大和墨西哥舆论看来,美方所谓“更公平”的贸易主张将成为变相的贸易保护主义。

加、墨两国认为,“更自由”才是谈判的关键,即新协定应促进而非阻碍自由贸易。墨西哥经济部长伊尔德方索·瓜哈尔多16日在华盛顿强调,谈判不能有损目前的自由贸易局面。对于美国关心的贸易逆差问题,加拿大外长弗里兰表示:“加拿大不认为贸易顺差或逆差是判断贸易是否正常的主要标准。”

此外,美国和加拿大在贸易争端解决机制上存在较大分歧。美国希望废除贸易争端机制,遭到加拿大的强烈反对。加拿大称,宁可离开谈判桌也不会在这个问题上让步。美国希望美国公司可以参与竞标加拿大和墨西哥的政府采购,但却以“买美国货”为由拒绝给予加拿大和墨西哥的相同待遇。

“只考虑美国的狭隘利益将产生灾难性后果”

“很难想象他们如何能非常快地达成极具实质内容的协议。”加拿大畜牧协会政府关系主管约翰·麦什霍尔表示,“要么快速达成协议,要么达成一个有意义的协议,这两者很难兼顾。”

美国智库彼得森国际经济研究所的一份报告也指出,美国在贸易谈判中寻求“美国优先”是无可非议的,但是过度关注贸易平衡、只考虑美国的狭隘利益,而不是更广泛的国家和地区利益,可能会导致谈判出现僵局甚至破裂,这对美国的消费者、生产商和零售商来说将产生灾难性的后果。

墨西哥经济学家彼得斯认为,北美自贸协定的作用在于扩大这一地区的贸易,增强这一地区的竞争力。美国现在提出的收紧原产地规则,要求墨西哥提高用工薪酬标准等,明显都是降低这一地区竞争力的做法。为了创造就业而把大部分生产环节都放在北美地区,势必增加制造成本,不符合当今全球化趋势。

墨西哥舆论认为,相比美国坚持保护主义的谈判立场,墨西哥则更希望能通过谈判加强北美地区竞争力,促进地区贸易和投资的包容性。各方关切都得到照顾,谈判才有可能向前推进。而既然是协商谈判,有“获得”的同时,必然也会有“失去”,要达到“三方共赢”绝不是一朝一夕之功。

(本报华盛顿、墨西哥城、渥太华8月21日电)

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