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美国种族关系面临白人至上主义回潮的新挑战
2017-08-18 08:04:09 中国经济网
此外,美国现任总统特朗普与白人至上主义的回潮有着难以切割的关联。尽管白人至上主义有着深刻的历史、经济、文化、社会根源,但美国国内依然有声音认为,特朗普的种族主义倾向激起了白人至上主义的高涨。首先,特朗普从总统竞选期间开始就发表系列种族主义言论,如将墨西哥移民称为“毒贩”“强奸犯”,宣布就任总统后将在美墨边境修建围墙等。其白人保守主义的理念、强烈排斥移民的态度,都契合了白人至上主义的核心思想,助长了这种思潮的发展。其次,特朗普就任总统后出台了一些排斥特定种族或宗教群体的法令,例如 “禁穆令”。这些自身存在巨大争议的政策法令一定程度上突破了美国社会长期以来坚守的政治正确原则,而这些原则恰好是预防乃至克制白人至上主义最有效的武器。第三,特朗普本人与白人至上主义组织之间存在说不清道不明的关系。特朗普的竞选顾问、后来曾任白宫首席战略顾问的史蒂夫·班农,具有明显的右翼白人至上主义背景;多名白人至上主义的领袖人物对特朗普竞选总统表示过支持,3K党前党首戴维·杜克更直言是“美国白人把特朗普送上总统宝座”。在各方压力之下,特朗普在最新声明中明确谴责白人至上主义“与美国珍视的价值观背道而驰”;但在冲突事件发生之后特朗普的最初表态则是“谴责来自多方的仇恨、偏执和暴力”,这种表述被认为是偏袒白人种族主义者的。
回顾近年来美国发生的种族主义骚乱,主导者都是作为受害者的少数种族群体。2013年7月,枪杀非洲裔青年特雷沃恩·马丁的白人协警乔治·齐默尔曼被判无罪,在美国多个城市引发了抗议示威活动;2014年8月,密苏里州圣路易斯市弗格森镇非洲裔青年迈克尔·布朗被警察枪杀引发大规模骚乱和暴动;2015年4月,非洲裔男子弗雷迪·格雷在马里兰州西巴尔的摩地区遭警方暴力逮捕致死,引发大规模示威冲突;2016年7月,连续两天发生警察枪杀非洲裔事件引发得克萨斯州达拉斯市中心的游行示威活动,一名非洲裔退伍军人开枪打死打伤14名警察。本次弗吉尼亚州种族主义骚乱事件的主角由少数种族变成了白人,但不变的却是美国社会种族关系紧张这一恒久的话题,它再次提醒人们种族关系依然是美国社会最重要且最棘手的群体关系。当白人种族主义者和少数种族都以受害者自居时,双方都将不愿亦无法退让;白人至上主义者的极端言行与暴力行动具有示范效应, 可能使得少数种族的斗争策略同样趋向暴力与极端。系统性、全面性、持续性的种族歧视是美国种族关系的症结所在,而白人至上主义正是这一症结的根源所在。不全力遏制白人至上主义,弗吉尼亚骚乱将会成为美国种族关系进一步恶化乃至种族冲突的新起点。
(作者为南开大学人权研究中心研究员、周恩来政府管理学院副教授)
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