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一个你未曾见过的彩色世界——还原秦始皇帝陵兵马俑的“中国色彩”

2017-09-16 09:56:49   新华网

“环境变化、微生物、可溶盐,是使兵马俑褪色的三大‘敌人’。”夏寅说,“地底下的湿度和温度不同,文物的颜色如同有了保护体,被挖掘出来之后表面很快失水,漆面迅速卷曲剥落,令人惋惜。在发现兵马俑之初,当时的科学技术还没有能力保护兵马俑绚丽的色彩。”

科技的力量:“保鲜”还原

为了弥补兵马俑迅速褪色这个遗憾,上世纪八九十年代开始,中外科学家开展了长达多年的研究与合作,并有了令人意外的发现。

上世纪八九十年代,美国弗利尔研究所的伊丽莎白·菲兹胡等人第一次从汉代陶器、青铜器彩绘及颜料中分析出蓝色和紫色硅酸铜钡,并命名为汉紫、汉蓝,也称“中国紫”“中国蓝”。

经过多年艰苦攻关和科学研究,中国考古工作者也在上世纪90年代取得突破,首次在兵马俑的彩绘中发现了人工合成的“中国蓝”和“中国紫”,将中国人工合成颜料的历史推前了许多年。

“硅酸铜钡是‘中国蓝’和‘中国紫’的典型‘中国特色’。”夏寅说,它们的特点是人工合成,将石青、石绿、重晶石、石英等物质混合,在一千摄氏度左右的温度下进行反应,生成新的物质硅酸铜钡。

秦始皇帝陵博物院院长侯宁彬介绍,博物院和德国巴伐利亚州文物保护局上世纪90年代开始联合攻关,保护秦俑表面的颜色,经过不懈努力,现已基本解决了这个难题。

据介绍,近年来,文物保护工作者成功地找到了运用聚乙二醇与聚氨酯乳液联合处理和单体渗透——电子束辐射聚合这两套保护方法对秦俑彩绘进行了加固,成功有效地保护了随后出土的珍贵彩绘陶俑,不但使以后出土的兵马俑保留色彩成为现实,也为中国众多陶质漆底彩绘文物提供了全面的技术保护。

在最近几年的发掘中,带有油漆的兵马俑甫一出土,就被喷上PEG防腐剂,并用塑料膜包裹,以保持湿度。而色彩最为丰富的兵马俑,则与周围的土块一起被移送至现场的实验室,进行更为科学精细的处理。

为了把最先进的科学技术应用于兵马俑保护,秦始皇帝陵博物院如今已成立了扫描电子显微镜实验室、微生物实验室、显微分析实验室等5个专项实验室,以及彩绘文物保护实验室和综合修复实验室等,先后获国家文物科技保护和技术创新一等奖,在修复技术、粘接材料等方面也获得多项国家专利。

“新的色彩保护技术至少能将文物出土时的颜色保存十年以上。”夏寅说。

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