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一个你未曾见过的彩色世界——还原秦始皇帝陵兵马俑的“中国色彩”

2017-09-16 09:56:49   新华网

历经数十年的发掘、观察、研究和分析,袁仲一对已经出土的2000多件兵马俑了如指掌。“每个俑,我都看过,做过发掘记录。高矮胖瘦、穿什么衣服、出土时的颜色、梳什么发式、穿什么鞋子,我都熟悉。”

假如时光可以倒流,人们会看到它们原本形象多彩绚丽:朱红、枣红、紫红、粉红、深绿、粉绿、粉紫、粉蓝、中黄、桔黄、黑、白、赭,有十几种颜色。

“陶俑和陶马埋在地下两千多年,经过火烧水淹,其彩绘涂层会老化、剥落。秦人在给兵马俑上色前,先刷了一层生漆,起到黏合和突出颜色的作用,在发掘时生漆由于失水会卷曲剥落,因此要异常小心,须用竹签、手术刀、镊子、棉球等细小工具进行。这是一项极其精细的科学工作,容不得丝毫马虎。”袁仲一说。

与兵马俑的初见,让当时42岁的袁仲一惊叹。他后来在《长相思》一文中写道:“一把铲,一条绳,探幽寻秘骊山陵,朝朝暮暮情。腰如弓,铲声声,奇珍异宝一宗宗。谁知精血凝?石滩杨,荒漠漠,秦皇御军八千多,寰宇俱惊愕。人似潮,车如梭,五湖四海秦俑热。夜长人在何?”

时光飞逝。袁仲一早已退休,仍不时受邀回到他曾俯首半生的兵马俑军阵,和年轻一代考古人一起剥落尘土,期望让历史的色彩更清晰地展现在世人眼前。

时空的穿越:绚烂褪去

在秦始皇帝陵博物院,14260平方米的一号坑如今伫立着1000多件兵马俑,军阵整体向东,呈现出厚重的灰黑色。这符合很多人对秦朝历史的认知,也是很多人通过照片看到的兵马俑色彩。

对中国考古工作者来说,兵马俑的发掘和保护成为千古难题。其中,颜色脱落和土遗址的损毁问题最难攻克。

环境变化是导致兵马俑迅速褪色的主要原因,而随后的保护还面临微生物和可溶盐带来的破坏。在电子显微镜下,一簇簇白色的“花朵”在文物表面绽放。这是广泛存在于空气、土壤中的霉菌孢子,当温度湿度等达到生长条件后,就会飞速生长。有些霉菌的生长会分泌色素和产生酸碱等有害物质,沉积在文物表面上,影响文物的外观并造成损害。

同时,陶质彩绘文物表面会凝结一层白霜般的可溶盐,对文物造成不可逆转的损伤。温度湿度稍有变化,可溶盐就会反复结晶和溶解,导致文物胎体和彩绘空隙变大、强度降低。哪怕是轻轻地触碰,也会让文物表面如同酥脆饼干一般剥落。

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