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要将垃圾进行科学分类,就要让操作变得简单易行。此前,我国各地的垃圾分类方法有多种,由于消费者不具备相关知识,实际操作并不容易。国务院近日转发的《生活垃圾分类制度实施方案》,将垃圾分为有害、易腐烂、可回收等三类,比较符合我国具体情况,使垃圾分类便于操作,后续的处理效率高、成本低。
建立分类促进中心也是解决问题的好办法。帮助市民熟悉垃圾分类方式,做到科学分类与投放,一直是推进垃圾分类回收工作中进展缓慢的环节。特别是垃圾中的有害物和低值物,回收率始终处于一个较低的水平,而与其他垃圾混在一起,又会影响回收的效果,形成环境污染隐患。针对这一问题,广州市荔湾区西村街道采用政府购买服务的办法,通过专业公司对个体回收者进行规范培训和管理,实现了低附加值可回收物的全面回收。通过建立分类促进中心,以显著的标识、方便的投放方式、科学的工作机制,实现了有害垃圾的全覆盖回收。这一经验值得借鉴。
保证分类体系良性运转需实现两网融合与区域协同
记者:在推进垃圾分类的过程中,存在着已分类垃圾出路不畅的问题,怎么解决?
中国人民大学环境学院副教授靳敏:首先要解决“两网融合”问题。“两网”分别指再生资源回收网络与生活垃圾收运网络。有资源价值废物,通常由散布于各地的农民“游击队”负责回收利用;而生活垃圾处理更注重废弃物的环保处理,主要由环卫系统的“正规军”负责收集处理。要将现有的再生资源回收网络与生活垃圾收运体系合二为一,只有在政府主导下,推动人员、设施、空间、机制的“四个融合”才能实现。从近几年北京、上海的相关试点社区的情况来看,实践证明是可行的。
其次要解决“区域协同”问题。在每个城市都建立相关的垃圾处理企业,既无必要,成本也过高,而在几个城市构成的较大区域的中心位置设厂,就可以解决上述问题。但“区域协同”还应注意,只有当分类垃圾的积累达到一定量级,才能以最为经济的方式进行处理;如果过于零散,则处理成本过高、效率过低。(本报记者 潘少军)
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