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综述:分级处理:应对动物垃圾的德国经验

2017-09-12 21:16:23   新华网

新华社柏林9月12日电 综述:分级处理:应对动物垃圾的德国经验

新华社记者 严锋 陈成

浙江湖州大银山掩埋大量病死猪尸体一事引起国内舆论关注。如何妥善处理动物尸体、应对动物垃圾,一时成为话题。

非经屠宰死亡的养殖动物尸体无疑是一种特殊垃圾。在这一方面,德国的做法值得借鉴。德国采取分级分类管理和处置,严惩违法行为,从而杜绝环境隐患。

在循环经济理念框架下,德国清除动物尸体要达到两个目的:首先,确保对人类、动物健康以及环境无害;其次,就是要尽可能地将动物副产品加以利用。

为达到这两个目的,德国对处理动物养殖衍生废弃物作了具体且精细的规定,比如制定专门的《动物副产品清除法》。

这部法律将相关动物副产品按风险程度划分为三大类。第一类风险最高,包括因传染病、受化学污染而需接受处理的动物及其副产品,这些物品必须完全作为废弃物进行无害处理。第二类风险等级稍低,包括患非传染病而被杀的动物及其副产品(如牛奶)、含有药物残留的动物产品等。这些可用于生产沼气或肥料。第三类主要为屠宰场、厨房产生的动物垃圾和副产品,如生奶、鲜鱼、动物下水等,这些产品经过加工,可作成肥料、润滑油、生物柴油等再次利用。

因此在德国,养殖过程中产生的猪尸应当依据其造成的上述不同风险性而采取不同处理措施。

欧盟对于动物垃圾的处理规定也非常具体。比如规定养殖场的动物在病死48小时内必须处理,而且须由具备资质的公司严格按照要求装运。在运输过程中,要全程跟踪并监控路线记录数据,进入工厂后再处理。具体到德国,其《动物副产品清除法》第8条规定,相关公司必须毫不拖延地收集、运输和处理动物副产品。

在德国,专业处理动物副产品的企业多达数十家,有些企业仅处理某一类动物副产品,有些企业三类皆可处理。对于病死的动物尸体,欧盟法规规定,处理企业必须加热到133℃,加压到300千帕,并且最少用20分钟的处理流程来确保消灭病毒细菌。

为防止农户将死亡动物随便埋掉,德国各联邦州还会给予一定的政府补贴。例如在下萨克森州,农户仅需承担动物尸体处理费用的25%,其余由政府承担;在勃兰登堡州,农户、地区政府和州政府各承担相关处理费用的三分之一。

违反相关规定者,在德国会受到全面且严厉的处罚。德国《动物副产品清除法》就规定了对于违反该法的各种行为的罚款措施。比如对于负有处理动物副产品相关义务的各个主体,只要他们“没有履行”或“没有正确、及时地履行”相关义务,就将受到法律制裁。

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