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“超级细菌”危险浮现,中国科学家提破题之道

2017-09-15 22:21:41   新华网

“这(指临床一类整合子)是一种单一来源的外来基因。”朱永官认为,它源于人类对抗生素的滥用。

示意图显示:抗生素的不合理使用加速耐药基因在环境中的突变、增殖和扩散。中科院城市环境研究所供图。

“始作俑者”:人类活动

人类活动是这一切的“始作俑者”。朱永官说,研究结果以“百年”为时间尺度,正是因为人类历史上从没有哪个时代发生过如此空前的生物和物质的流动。依靠着飞机、轮船和火车,人和动物,尤其是农业牲畜得以把肠道排泄物扩散出地理纬度上的“洲际”。毫无疑问,全球贸易、国际旅游也加剧了肠道微生物的扩散。

物质流动则更为隐蔽和危险。每克土壤含有高达10亿个微生物,而超级工程一次所能调动的土、沙、石就可能超过数万年自然过程所带来的总和。地上、地下的水流携带着农业、工业排放的化学污染物,包括金属、抗生素和消毒剂,促使细菌不断“交流”和“进化”,催生出令人生畏的致命病原菌。

2013年,朱永官曾带领另一个团队调查了三个大型养猪场。在肥料和附近的河流中,他们首次发现了大量“抗生素抗性基因”,其数量高于对照样本数百甚至数千倍。2015年,《科学》杂志报道了这一发现,并指出“研究者在重新审视新兴养殖业对公共健康的威胁”。

文章指出,人类对自然界的破坏已到了新的转折点,微生物世界的活动“很可能已经不是平衡态”。“这个过程是非线性的,可能达到某种程度会突然迸发出来,这也是我们最担心的。”朱永官说。

2015年3月,朱永官在世界卫生组织发言。中科院城市环境研究所供图。

破题之“道”在哪里

在一场化学反应中,平衡点就如同“潘多拉的魔盒”,引发一系列裂变和重组。当地球上所有的化学反应叠加在一起,如何精准地预测出引爆未来生物圈变化的那个“点”?在发现问题之外,朱永官和他的国际团队还要找到破题之“道”。

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