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一省布局6基地 占坑式投资后遗症咋破解

2017-09-07 10:07:19   新华网

由于“大块头”企业能拉动城市GDP,轨道交通装备制造业一度成为地方政府青睐的重点项目。在整个珠三角,广州、深圳、珠海、佛山相继与原南北车旗下的企业合作,组建轨道交通车辆生产及维修企业,加上比亚迪在汕头投资的“云轨”项目,珠三角地区轨道交通装备制造基地已多达7家。

“中车青岛四方成立了佛山中车公司。其实,佛山基地离先成立的广州中车基地并不远,整个佛山的轨道交通市场完全可以由广州中车来供应。”广州中车一位不愿具名的部门负责人说。

中车内部人士表示,当年南北车竞争激烈,各自通过与地方政府合作建基地实现“占坑式”抢占市场。合并后,产能过剩等遗留问题并未得到有效解决,广东由于轨交市场广阔,成为全国重复投资最为严重的地区之一。

  地方保护、低端竞争,“车间工厂”陷恶性循环

记者调研了解到,当前珠三角的六大中车基地均为中国中车三级子公司,由于不具备研发设计能力,绝大部分沦为中车各大主机厂在珠三角设置的“车间”。

根据现有规划,珠三角现有基地年产能超1000辆,多数还预留了二期规划,远远超出广东省的市场容量。“这些基地动辄占地数百亩,投资十几亿甚至几十亿元,没有市场的支撑,根本无从生存和发展,不光浪费社会资源,还存在大量员工失业等隐患。”李河说。

例如,广东中车公司的订单主要来自其股东方广铁投集团建设的珠三角城际线。由于现代有轨电车的生产不需要国家相关部门审批,各大基地为了生存争相开展此业务,造成有轨电车市场秩序混乱。

内部人士称,在地方保护下,各市的订单都优先扶持本地企业,形成市场壁垒,但单个城市的车辆需求很难支撑其轨道交通产业的生存和发展,多数基地订单不足,长期处于亏损状态。为了减少投资亏损,各主机企业不计成本争夺省内订单,恶性竞争导致的低价中标则进一步加剧基地亏损,陷入恶性循环。

多位地方发改委人士称,在原南北车主机企业“投资换市场”和地方政府投资冲动背景下,一方面,各主机企业从自身利益考虑,多数把投资基地定位为生产车间,只从事整车生产的部分工序,不具有研发设计能力;另一方面,在国家产业政策的限制下,各基地只能打着“组装与维修”的名号投资,在规划上就没有考虑车体和转向架等核心部件的生产能力,只能进行车辆总装及维修,技术含量低。

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