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洞庭湖鄱阳湖枯水期延长 滥采乱挖非法排污加剧

2017-06-15 03:06:40   经济参考报

此外,低水位还导致“涸泽之鱼”成了酷捕滥捞者的发财工具。只要监管稍微疏忽,就有人在洞庭湖湖汊和草洲非法围堰或筑堤,他们电鱼、炸鱼,使用迷魂阵、船罾乃至筑坝、筑围“竭湖而渔”,违法渔业生产让湖中连“毛鱼小虾”都难有生路。

受访专家介绍,洞庭湖、鄱阳湖水生动物灭绝或大量减少是严酷的现实。需要警惕的是,随着一些地方部分物种特别是水生哺乳动物、大型鱼类等标志物种面临灭顶之灾,两大湖“生物完整性指数”有可能沦入最差等级。

洞庭湖、鄱阳湖区是传统的“鱼米之乡”、“粮仓”和养殖基地。但长期枯水导致本来就日益严重的农村点源(生活污水、垃圾)和面源(农业生产污染)污染问题越来越尖锐。

有研究显示,湖区一些耕地施用氮肥导致植物体内硝酸盐含量增加、土壤物理性质恶化、水体富营养化。而滥用劣质磷肥则会带来砷、镉、氟、汞、铅、三氯乙醛等污染。日益增多的农村和集镇生活污水、生活垃圾,让充当“接纳者”的湖泊不堪重负。

 衰退:水体富营养化威胁生态

作为长江流域的吞吐型和过水型湖泊,两湖“涨水为湖,落水为洲”本是正常自然现象。但低枯水位提前、频繁、加重发生,让湖区生态安全问题愈发严峻。

水量“收不抵支”加上气候变化因素,洞庭湖、鄱阳湖枯水季面积经常能急剧萎缩三分之二。有受访者对《经济参考报》记者说,长此以往,就会大湖变草原、大江变河沟,船舶搁浅,航道堵塞,最终“沧海”变为“桑田”。

受多年秋冬连枯影响,鄱阳湖湿地生态已经出现退化趋势。江西省生态文明研究与促进会会长胡振鹏介绍,由于枯水期严重缺水,鄱阳湖水生植被面积减少近400平方公里;枯水季节水位急剧下降,底栖动物旱死,生物多样性减少。

鄱阳湖低水位,还意味着江豚“最后的避难所”正变得“危机四伏”。湖区渔政部门工作人员告诉记者,湖区滩涂外露河道变浅,江豚栖息空间缩窄,极易受到人类活动威胁;快速退水时江豚还常常被困于采砂造成的湖床洼地。

57岁的庐山市蓼池村渔民张冬滚介绍,四大家鱼春季在长江产卵,鱼苗在清明节后到鄱阳湖生长,但遇上鄱阳湖低水位就无法进入湖区,即使能够进入,低水位下草洲裸露,它们也无法栖息觅食。鄱阳湖产卵场萎缩还导致“长江三鲜”之一的长江刀鱼种群濒危,市面上“一刀难求”,其价格被炒到一斤过万元。

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