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专家:论作为核心价值的民主对深化改革的意义
2016-11-04 20:25:21 《中共宁波市委党校学报》 作者:顾肃
民主作为基本政治体制目标,得到了中国自辛亥革命以来几乎所有政治领导人的肯定,包括中国共产党人。毛泽东在延安时期即许诺通过实行民主来避免历史周期律。1945年7月4日下午,毛泽东邀请黄炎培等人到他住的窑洞里作客。黄炎培直接询问毛泽东:中国共产党能跳出这个周期律吗?毛泽东当即非常自信地回答:“我们已经找到新路,我们能跳出这周期律。这条新路,就是民主。只有让人民来监督政府,政府才不敢松懈。只有人人起来负责,才不会人亡政息。”黄炎培接着说:“这话是对的,只有大政方针决之于公众,个人功业欲才不会发生;只有把地方的事,公之于地方的人,才能使地地得人,人人得事。用民主来打破这周期律,怕是有效的。”这大半个世纪前的民主承诺,仍然是当前中国政治体制改革的首要目标。制度化的民主体制建设,仍然是一项有待实现的艰巨任务。
今天,社会主义民主理论的核心仍然是让人民当家作主,党的领导和群众路线最终落实到发扬人民民主上。正如邓小平所强调的,“党的工作的核心,是支持和领导人民当家作主。整个国家是这样,党的各级组织也是这样”。“工人阶级的政党不是把人民群众当作自己的工具,而是自觉地认定自己是人民群众在特定的历史时期为完成特定的历史任务的一种工具。”“确认这个关于党的观念,就是确认党没有超乎人民群众之上的权力,就是确认党没有向人民群众实行恩赐、包办、强迫命令的权力,就是确认党没有在人民群众头上称王称霸的权力。”改革开放的三十余年来,中国共产党多次强调党的领导与人民当家作主是一致的、统一的。权力的最终来源是人民。“马克思主义权力观,概括起来是两句话:权为民所赋,权为民所用。前一句话指明了权力的根本来源和基础,后一句话指明了权力的根本性质和归宿。”
建设高度的社会主义民主,需要使民主制度化、法律化。邓小平在1978年的中央工作会议上明确提出:“为了保障人民民主,必须加强法制。必须使民主制度化、法律化,使这种制度和法律不因领导人的改变而改变,不因领导人的看法和注意力的改变而改变。”1980年,他在《党和国家领导制度的改革》的讲话中再次指出:“我们的民主制度还有不完善的地方,要制定一系列的法律、法令和条例,使民主制度化、法律化。”他还特别强调:“公民在法律和制度面前人人平等,党员在党章和党纪面前人人平等。人人有依法规定的平等权利和义务,谁也不能占便宜,谁也不能犯法。不管谁犯了法,都要由公安机关依法侦查,司法机关依法办理,任何人都不能干扰法律的实施,任何犯了法的人都不能逍遥法外。”
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