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云南发现4.23亿年前古鱼 长相怪异或为人类远祖

2016-10-21 15:04:29   新华网

长吻麒麟鱼复原图。

原标题:中国古鱼化石揭示人类颌骨来源之谜

新华社华盛顿10月20日电(记者林小春)作为面孔的重要组成部分,人类的颌骨如何进化而来?在中国云南发掘的一种古鱼化石提供了最新答案:人类的颌骨可以追溯到4亿年前一种“披盔戴甲”的史前原始鱼类。

这项由中科院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所朱敏团队与瑞典乌普萨拉大学佩尔·阿尔贝里团队合作开展的研究发表在最新一期美国《科学》杂志上,被认为“扫除了我们在脊椎动物颌演化认识上一个大的盲区”。

人的颌骨位于口的边缘,其构造似乎并不复杂。但实际上,它们经过了曲折复杂的演化历程,才最终变成今天的样子。颌骨最早由体内的软骨组成,但在漫长的演化历程中,一系列来自体表的骨片(膜质骨)加入进来,最终取代了软骨来源的原始颌骨。

盾皮鱼类因身披笨重盔甲而得名,是泥盆纪,即“鱼类时代”(大约4.19亿年至3.59亿年前)海洋、河流与湖泊的统治者。颌最早就出现在盾皮鱼类中,这成为脊椎动物早期演化史上的重大转折。典型的盾皮鱼类有3对简单的膜质颌骨,都位于口腔内侧,与面部其他骨骼并不相接,称为“原颌状态”。

朱敏对新华社记者说,传统上认为,盾皮鱼的简单膜质颌骨与包括人类在内的硬骨脊椎动物的被称为“全颌状态”的复杂膜质颌骨是不同源的,但这一认识因他们2013年报告的在云南曲靖发现的全颌盾皮鱼而彻底改变。

云南曲靖有着“失落的古鱼王国”之称,这里保存着多种奇怪的原始鱼类化石。在曲靖发现的全颌盾皮鱼身体保持着典型盾皮鱼的样子,却长着硬骨鱼类的上下颌,明确显示出硬骨鱼类由盾皮鱼类直接演化而来。人类是后来登上陆地的硬骨鱼类的后代,人类的颌骨也因此向前追溯到了全颌盾皮鱼。

但全颌盾皮鱼的颌骨又从哪里来?朱敏说,此前的化石证据不支持它们与更原始的盾皮鱼的膜质颌骨有演化上的联系,全颌与原颌两者之间存在着“巨大的形态鸿沟”,有人推测其间可能产生过大重组。

现在,他们报告在曲靖市麒麟区发现了4.23亿年前的一种全颌盾皮鱼——长吻麒麟鱼。这种小鱼长约20厘米,具有海豚那样前伸的吻突和隆起的“额头”,口和鼻孔都位于腹面,大半个躯体包覆着箱形的骨甲。

高精度CT扫描和计算机三维重建技术分析显示,麒麟鱼具有一副“不完全的全颌”,其颌骨处于全颌鱼和其他更原始盾皮鱼类之间的过渡状态。这表明,全颌是原颌渐进演化而来的,而非像过去认为的那样经过大重组。

根据这一发现,研究人员提出了从原颌到全颌的演化新理论:盾皮鱼类的3对内侧颌部骨骼向外位移,变成了全颌状态中的3对外侧边缘颌骨。“由此,我们人类的颌骨可以向前一直追溯到最原始的盾皮鱼类,”朱敏说。

《科学》杂志同期配发北美古脊椎动物学协会主席、澳大利亚弗林德斯大学约翰·朗题为《颌之初》的评论文章说:“长期以来,盾皮鱼类不大受演化生物学家重视,然而来自中国的系列发现正改变这一认知,显示盾皮鱼类成为理解脊椎动物的身体结构如何演化的关键。”

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