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东京电力欲排77万公吨核辐射水入海 声称不危险

2017-07-14 09:38:58   海外网

“当时我们感到,有必要与世界范围内、多方面的科学家一起做全面调查研究,去发现有多少,以及有哪些放射性污染物,可以在海水和浮游生物(以及一些鱼)中被找到。”2016年12月30日,伍兹霍尔海洋研究所放射化学家肯·比塞勒告诉记者。

流进太平洋的核污染量是巨大的,海啸引起泄漏的放射性物质有约80%流入海洋。肯·比塞勒至今对当时的数据记忆深刻:“福岛核事故发生之后,污染物在海洋的水平史无前例地高,最高点出现在2011年4月初,铯同位素是以往的数百万倍。”

在数种泄漏入海的福岛核事故放射性元素中,对人类健康威胁最大、得到最多关注的是3种人工放射性同位素:碘-131、铯-137和铯-134。直接决定它们危险程度的是各自的“半衰期”,半衰期越长,存活时间越久,稳定性也越强,对周边环境影响就越大。

碘-131的半衰期只有短短8天。“在几个月之后,由于放射性衰变,它(指碘-131)就已经大量消失。”肯·比塞勒解释道,“反之,铯-137有大约30年的半衰期,铯-134有2年。在福岛核事故发生的时候,有等量的铯-137和铯-134被释放到大气和海洋中。”

不过,铯-137不能作为福岛核污染“指纹”。“在福岛之前,仍有相对大量的铯-137存在于太平洋中,它们来自上世纪的核武器试验。”海洋学专家杰伊·卡伦确切地告诉记者,只有在样本中检测到铯-134,才能知道它的出处是福岛。

发现加拿大西海岸被辐射三文鱼的,正是杰伊·卡伦。2014年秋,一个由加拿大学术界、政府、非政府机构和民间科学家共同组成的合作项目InFORM成立,杰伊·卡伦是该项目相关负责人。

这场战役汇聚了多国力量,不少政府、科研、高校机构都参与其中,并分享各自的数据、技术服务等。

目前,中国的环保、海洋、卫生部门以及中科院、高校、核电站等系统也已积累了大量海洋放射性监测数据。

结合监测与模型两种方法,科学家们给出了福岛放射性污染物大致的传播路径——向东流。“在北太平洋海流影响下,污染流以7-8公里/天的速度向东横跨北太平洋,向着北美运动。而后其中一部分在阿拉斯加暖流影响下,向北沿着加拿大和阿拉斯加海岸流动,另一部分随着加利福尼亚寒流向南沿着美国海岸运动。到2016年,大部分的福岛放射性物质已经自西向东穿越了北太平洋。”InFORM成员、加拿大贝德福德海洋研究所科学家约翰·史密斯总结道。

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