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揭秘:红军长征中“战略方向”的十三次大调整

2016-12-20 14:23:57   

第四次调整是猴场会议执行黎平决策。1935年1月1日,中央政治局在贵州省瓮安县猴场(草塘)开会。会议批评博古、李德一不过乌江在川黔边地区建立革命根据地,二要回头和二、六军团会合的错误主张;决定强渡乌江,发布了《关于渡江后新的行动方针的决定》。当天,红军强渡乌江取得胜利。在以后的行军路上,停止了李德对红军的指挥。

■遵义会议成为中国共产党历史上的转折点

第五次是遵义会议决定北渡长江,赤化四川。1935年1月7日凌晨,红军先头部队袭占遵义,把十几万追兵甩在乌江以东和以南,为遵义会议的召开提供了宝贵的时机。1月15日到17日,召开了遵义会议。1月19日,中央红军由遵义地区北上,向土城方向开进,意在泸州上游一线北渡长江,以便同红四方面军一起实行总的反攻,争取“在成都之西南或西北建立苏区根据地”,赤化四川。没想到受到川军顽强抵抗,加之滇军又集中主力在川滇边境防堵,红军渡江计划不能实现,乃果断决定撤出战斗,西渡赤水河。

第六次是扎西会议作出“回兵黔北”决策。土城战斗失利后,如不改变原定计划,势必在长江边上腹背受敌,后果不堪设想。于是果断决定改变战略方向,放弃在泸州、宜宾之间渡江入川计划,利用敌人集中在川南一线,黔北比较空虚的时机,“回兵”黔北,以川滇黔边境为发展地区,争取在这一广大地区创建新的苏区根据地。1935年2月7日在扎西境内召开的中央政治局扩大会议,作出了“回兵黔北”的决策。当天晚上,中革军委向各军团首长发出《关于我军向川滇黔边境发展的指示》,通报了“党中央和军委决定”:改取“以川滇黔边境为发展地区,以战斗的胜利来开展局面”的方针;并命令各军团迅速摆脱四川追敌,改向川滇边的扎西(云南威信县县城)地区集中。这一战略方向的改变,为红军脱离当时的艰险处境争得了主动。

第七次是会理会议决定继续北进。中央红军在毛泽东军事指挥下经过1935年2、3月四渡赤水,5月抢渡金沙江的胜利,跳出了敌人的包围圈,实现了遵义会议确定的渡江北上的战略目标。5月12日,在会理城外的铁场召开了中央政治局扩大会议。会议肯定从遵义会议以来毛泽东的军事指挥是正确的,批评了怀疑或反对机动作战方针的错误认识和动摇情绪。会议讨论了渡过金沙江后的行动方针,决定红军沿着通往西昌的大道继续北进,在川西或川西北创建根据地。

第八次是礼州会议决定进入川西北同红四方面军会合。1935年5月19日,在西昌城北数十里的礼州附近铁坑,洛甫主持中央会议,讨论行军路线。鉴于西昌有敌军固守,会议决定放弃原定围攻西昌计划,改为取道冕宁,过彝族区域,到安顺场渡大渡河,进入川西北,同红四方面军会合。按会议决定,成立了中央红军先遣队。进入大凉山彝族区后,司令员刘伯承和沽基部落首领小叶丹歃血为盟,红军部队安全通过彝族区,到达安顺场,强渡了大渡河。

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