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毛泽东为何说长征乌蒙山回旋战是个“奇迹”

2016-12-19 15:05:57   

乌蒙山回旋战要图(资料图)

红军从西北突然东去,顾祝同以为红军被追得筋疲力尽、走投无路,开始瞎闯了。他命令尾追的3个纵队全部东进。当贺龙从敌人的两名逃兵中得知万耀煌亲率其十三师从得章坝向镇雄追来时,他当机立断,改变原定计划,令红四师速向得章坝方向行动,抢占交通要道和山头,封锁消息,埋伏部队,打敌个措手不及。“逃跑”的红军突然杀了回来,而且一下子冲进了万耀煌的司令部,是这位纵队司令万万没有想到的,他的部队一下子被打乱了,几乎失去了控制。万耀煌自己在卫队护卫之下,冲开一条血路,打马而逃。由于郝梦龄纵队拼命赶来援救,红二、红六军团没能消灭更多的敌人,在伏击结束后贺龙立即命令红二、红六军团向前急进,摆脱敌人。就是在这次战斗中,红六师第18团政委余秋里因掩护团长成本新(后名成钧)而身负重伤。此后,由于缺医少药,部队又一直处在连续紧张的行军作战中,余秋里的伤臂迟迟不能痊愈,每天只能用毛巾蘸凉水敷在伤口上镇痛,跟随部队行进。直到走出草地,他才施行了截肢手术。

3月12日晚,红二、红六军团改向西行。13日,在财神塘地区,又同郭汝栋纵队遭遇。与此同时,郝梦龄、万耀煌、李觉、樊嵩甫部的5路大军,分别从北、东、南方向包围而来,敌越聚越多,包围越来越紧。红二、红六军团长时间作战,指战员都非常疲劳,并且已陷入长不过30里的狭小地区之内。由于该地地势极险,加之气候寒冷,阴雨绵绵,道路泥泞,部队的机动能力受到严重影响。贺龙的脚板底上裂了一寸多长的口子,露出渗血的嫩肉,每迈一步,都疼得全身发抖。一到休息的时候,他就坐在山坡石头上,给伤裂的脚板抹些油,用火来烤伤口。这种特殊的治伤方法痛得他脸色发白,满头大汗,但他紧咬牙关,一声不响。后来,油用完了,他就直接去烧伤口。

这是红军自桑植出发转移以来,最困难、最危险的时刻。在关键时刻,贺龙提出酝酿已久的行动计划:“现在是时候了,我认为应该以迅雷不及掩耳的速度从敌人合围的结合部钻出去,然后以猛虎掏心的动作开进云南,捅捅龙云的老窝。”大家同意贺龙的意见,经过讨论,决定从郭汝栋和樊嵩甫两个纵队的接合部向西北方向突围。贺龙强调,他们的接合部虽是个薄弱点,但也要十分小心,秘密突围。他命令各部队行动一定要十分隐蔽,不准点火,不准喧叫,马蹄裹布,不准发出声音;凌晨从敌夹缝中通过,即使被小股敌人发现也不准打枪,不准捡歼灭小股敌人的便宜,要极迅速地摆脱敌人。根据贺龙的命令,红二、红六军团果断地选择从国民党郭汝栋、樊嵩甫两个纵队之间突围出来,穿过孙渡的防线,进入黔西盘县一带。至此,红二、红六军团在乌蒙山辗转近1个月,完成了回旋作战任务,打破了国民党军重兵围歼的计划。

乌蒙山回旋战,是红二、红六军团离开湘鄂川黔根据地以来,处境最危险的一次,红军经受了极端严重的考验,全军上下同甘共苦,以野菜、野果为食,互相鼓励,互相扶持,克服了很多困难,始终保持了旺盛的战斗意志。在军团领导人出神入化的指挥下,部队在乌蒙山中一会儿向东,一会儿向南,一会儿又向西北,拖着敌人辗转千里,硬是将十几万紧追不舍的敌人远远甩开,化险为夷,搞得顾祝同蒙头转向,拖得万、樊、郝3个纵队疲惫不堪。红军在一路上还留下了这样的宣传标语:“踢死黔军,踩死川军,打死滇军,拖死中央军”,将苦追而终不得的国民党军气了个半死。

毛泽东曾十分高兴地说:“红二、红六军团在乌蒙山打转转,不要说敌人,连我们也被你们转昏了头。硬是转出来了嘛!出贵州、过乌江,我们一方面军付出了大代价,红二、红六军团讨了巧,就没有吃亏。你们l万人,走过来还是1万人,没有蚀本,是个了不起的奇迹,是一个大经验,要总结,要大家学习。”

(作者系军史专家、中国人民革命军事博物馆研究员)

责任编辑:张海潮 CM013
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