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当时党的活动,地下工作最严重的弱点是盲动主义,几个人组织暴动,一暴动就要发动群众,一鼓动暴动马上就被消灭了。《刑场上的婚礼》,周文雍、陈铁军都牺牲了。没有力量的时候,只能隐蔽活动,后来纠正了盲动主义。周恩来从南昌起义失败以后回到上海主持中央工作,而且重新建立“特科”,要求党的工作完全职业化、社会化。在国民党敌战区工作,最大的首先得有隐蔽的身份。这个人首先要有职业才不受怀疑,你这个人是无业游民,连房东都怀疑,你是干什么的,尤其是单身汉就更糟了。他当时在上海工作,租了个房子住,结果跟房东讲,我是个记者,其实他整天也不从事采访,又怕引起怀疑,有事无事都出去转几个小时,实际上他干的不是记者,没有隐蔽的身份是最困难的。当时一个庞大的机关,中宣部一二十人租一个小楼,你们是干什么的?周围邻居就怀疑了,因为没有正当的合法的掩饰身份。周恩来讲必须职业化、社会化,开始还做了这方面的工作,这使党的工作得到恢复和发展。另外特科建立起来了,保卫党中央,周恩来规定了三条基本原则,第一不能乱打叛徒,危害大了才打,这个人带着党的机密,要投降了,可以消灭。一般的人,对革命悲观失望了,不愿意干了就算了,如果这样要杀起来就没有头了,只能是个别的。再一个不许打公开的特务,特务潜伏到机关里了,那不消灭不行,像国民党有名的特务头戴笠、毛人凤等,共产党从来没派人暗杀过他们。不许搞绑票,这就是特科在隐蔽斗争中间有一个明确的政治方向,不然变成恐怖组织了。从建立开始,周恩来就给端正了一个正确的方向。
当时中央特科由向忠发、周恩来、顾顺章领导,实际上周恩来为正,顾顺章为副。后来顾顺章一叛变特科工作整个不行了。特科一科科长洪扬生,80年代上海活着,后来叛变了,解放后还给一碗饭吃。二科是陈赓。特科也是分四个科,一科是总务,负责党中央日常活动,怎么租房子之类的,财务开销都是一科管。二科是情报,三科是行动,杀叛徒,四科是通讯,跟各个城市联络,电台之类的。另外,当时特科的工作主要派苏联学习过“格别乌”的陈赓、顾顺章等人授课,苏联最早叫契卡,后来是政治保安总局叫“格别乌”,1953年改成“国家安全委员会”,简称“克格勃”。中共最早建立的情报机构学的苏联的“格别乌”的经验,周恩来按中国特色规定了任务,就是三大任务、一不许。三大任务是搞情报、惩处叛徒和执行特殊任务:一不许是不许在党内相互侦察,这个意义重大。以后几年内,保证了党内党的生活基本健康,另外跟恐怖主义划清界线。毛泽东后来坚持一个原则,毛主席在的时候从来都是党内不许搞侦察,党内斗争当时很频繁,毛泽东跟刘少奇、彭德怀都有意见,但毛泽东从来没有到刘少奇家、彭德怀家安个窃听器,从来不许搞侦察手段,侦察手段只能对敌不能在党内,这是最基本的人权保证。美国也是一样,联邦政府要求全国所有电话都能侦听,这不严重侵犯人权吗,那还有什么隐私可言?你确定这个人是恐怖分子,是嫌疑人,可以侦听他,普通老百姓都侦听怎么得了?那不整个严重的特务政治了吗?苏联很糟糕的一点也在这儿。另外周恩来规定,不能像反动阶级那样靠金钱、美色引诱取得情报,而要靠政治信仰发展情报组织。
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