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彭德怀认为长征胜利第一靠红军忠勇:第二靠什么?

2016-11-08 14:52:27   徐焰

蒋介石统治中国二十多年,从来没有统一过。按现在的角度讲,国民党是四分五裂的,蒋介石的势力就是东南几个省,西部的马家军,广西的李宗仁,广东的陈济棠他从来管不了,蒋介石在的时候,他只是个名义领袖,内部四分五裂,而且最大的问题没有解决农民的问题,也没有解决工人城市问题,连孙中山提出的减租都未实行过。正因为他不能解决社会问题,所以一直不得民心。共产党武装斗争和地下隐蔽斗争有一个最根本的基础。

国民党反共之后,中共中央在武汉召开了“八七会议”。会议地点在汉口俄租界。八一年我去的时候,还能找到当时的老人,并在现场拍了照片,那个会场布置得也很秘密,当时已经会一些隐蔽斗争,集中代表集中一星期,开会只开了一天。所有代表都不能通知你地点,到码头有交通员带你,只许进不许出,烟也不能抽,那时候八月份热得要命,窗户不能开,防止声音泄出来,在里面呆一个星期,等人凑齐了开了一天会,疏散代表又用了两天,过几个小时出来一个,天黑之后才能出去。这种秘密疏散的办法,都是苏联人教的,邓小平和一个俄国妇女负责采购工作,主要是俄国妇女出来拎篮子买菜,这是一开始探索的一套秘密工作的办法。

1927年秋天开始,中国共产党开始发动武装暴动,城市的工作就是为武装斗争服务。但是双方什么关系呢?也不太清楚,都没有解决。开完“八七会议”之后,中共中央就迁回到上海。这是隐蔽活动和秘密活动的一个规律,哪个地方越乱越容易进行活动,越铁板一块越不容易生存。在汉口武汉的时候,武昌的10万人,汉阳的2、3万人,汉口最大,有100万人。其实100万人也没多大,就是现在沿着汉口江面一片几个租界,汉口坐黄包车,上去跟黄包车夫讲到什么地方,自然就拉到了,毕竟地方小。在上海上了十六铺码头,你跟黄包车夫要讲怎么走怎么走,汉口一百万人,上海有公共租界、法租界、日租界、国民党统治的华界,人口400多万,各行其政,管辖很混乱,这才为党中央活动提供了一个空隙。

这个时候,党中央名义上的领导人是向忠发,这确实是苏联指定的,找一个码头船运工人,船运工人很多流氓性质是最强的,他是跑江湖的,周恩来讲向忠发是我们党不光彩的总书记,后来嫖娼被人抓住了,后来枪毙了,所以他是非常不称职的,而且他也没有水平领导。苏联看他不争气,派了王明,一个莫斯科中山大学毕业的27岁的学生来负责党,这根本也不行,完全一介书生。具体保卫工作向忠发、顾顺章来负责,我们称之为中国共产党最危险的叛徒顾顺章,这期《文史参考》我专门有一篇文章讲顾顺章其人,这个人确实给中共中央带来的威胁太大了,而且能找到他的照片只有这一张,这个人从来不照相的,这是上海市政府成立的时候,没有办法一个合影中间剪下来的,这个人从来不照相。

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