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全景解读处理日本遗弃在华化学武器问题

2016-11-02 14:26:12   

二战爆发后,欧洲战场参战国因储备有数量不等的化学武器而形成均衡制约的状态,化学武器并未大量投入使用。但是在亚洲战场,侵华日军依仗其独有的化学武器研制优势,公然对中国军民实施了惨无人道的化学战。这是继一战后人类战争史上使用化学武器最频繁、最广泛、持续时间最长的化学战。据有关资料统计,日军曾在中国的19个省区使用化学武器,其中有确切时间、地点和伤亡人数记载的就达1241次,共造成我军民20多万人伤亡。

化学武器之所以“备受青睐”,一方面,它研发门槛较低且造价低廉,无需大量的经费、技术和专业人员作为支撑;另一方面,它的作战效能极其巨大,可在瞬间致人伤亡且致残率很高。以“毒剂之王”芥子气为例,可通过皮肤、眼睛或呼吸道侵入肌体,造成人员皮肤糜烂及中毒伤亡,芥子气中毒人员治愈困难,后遗症明显。

纵观化学武器的百年,实际投入战场的次数并没有常规武器多;但带给人类的恐惧,却远在血肉横飞的炮火杀伤之上。试想,还有什么比折磨致死更能摧毁一名战士乃至一支部队的意志呢?这种犹如魔鬼之手掐住喉咙的感觉,也许远比子弹穿过胸膛、炮弹炸断躯体,更摄人心魂、更痛入骨髓。

化学武器带给人类的不仅是伤痛,更有不可逆转的伤害。为此,国际社会对禁止化学武器的努力从未停止。1899年的第一次海牙和平会议提出,“禁止使用以散布窒息性和有毒气体为唯一目的的抛射物”;1907年召开的第二次海牙和平会议再次规定,除各专约规定禁止者以外,特别禁止使用毒物或放毒武器;1925年,缔约国在日内瓦签署的关于《禁止在战争中使用窒息性、毒性或其他气体和细菌作战方法的议定书》(即《日内瓦议定书》)中明确提出,禁止使用窒息性的有毒或类似的气体、液体、固体物质以及细菌战剂;20世纪后半叶,联合国大会多次谴责违反《日内瓦议定书》的行为,并在1992年召开的联合国裁军大会上通过了《禁止化学武器公约》。这是在联合国框架下达成的第一个关于全面禁止、彻底销毁一整类大规模杀伤性武器、并规定了严格核查制度和无限期有效的国际条约。至今,共有192个缔约国。

但也应看到,当今世界化学武器的潜在危害依然巨大。世界化学武器储量庞大,并有扩散趋势。2011年,在《禁止化学武器公约》第16届缔约国大会上,美国、俄罗斯和利比亚已通告不能按公约规定时限销毁其库存的化学武器。其中,美国的销毁期限将延长至2022年;2013年8月,叙利亚反对派和政府相互指责对方在首都大马士革附近使用化学武器,造成超过1300人死亡,引发国际社会高度关注;今年8月,联合国和禁止化学武器组织报告称,叙利亚政府军和“伊斯兰国”极端组织在战斗中使用了化学武器……今年是化学武器第一次大规模使用101周年,也是《禁止化学武器公约》生效19周年,彻底销毁化学武器注定是一条漫长的履约之路。

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