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蒋介石病逝后为何被日本媒体认为是“英雄”
2016-10-28 16:30:49 国薇 魏灵学
其次是多国占领日本与天皇制问题。日本学者小森阳一在《天皇的玉音放送》一书中指出:“维护国体乃是日本接受《波兹坦公告》、向盟军投降的一大前提。”所谓“维护国体”,即保持日本完整、保留天皇制。根据古屋奎二主笔《蒋介石秘录》记载,开罗会议期间,蒋介石已经就是否出兵驻扎日本、是否废止天皇制与美国总统罗斯福有所交流。根据台北“国史馆”所藏《特交文电·领袖事功·开罗会议》,蒋介石主张:“我们应该尊重日本国民的自由意志、尊重他们所选择的政府形式。”1945年8月12日,国民政府国防最高委员会审定《处理日本问题意见书》,其中指出:“日本天皇及其皇权制度的存废问题,在原则上应依据同盟国共同意见办理。先从修改宪法入手,将天皇大权交还于日本人民,其违反民主精神者则当废除。”总言之,美国单独占领日本与天皇制得以保留乃是多方共同作用的结果,而蒋介石在其中起到了一定的作用。
最后是战争赔偿问题,这并非蒋政权的“以德报怨”,而是一种“无奈之举”。日本侵华战争对中国造成了无法估量的损失,1943年开罗会议期间,蒋介石向罗斯福提出:战后日本可用实物作为支付中国之赔偿。1945年的《波兹坦公告》第十一条则确立了盟国对日索赔原则:日本将被允许维持其经济所必须及可以偿付货物赔款之工业,但可以使其获得原料,以别于统制原料,日本最后参加国际贸易关系当可准许。但是,美苏英之间的分歧使得远东委员会在日本战后赔偿方面无法形成行之有效的政策。1947年4月以降,美国索性单独采取措施,拆除日本本土的部分工业设备作为中国、东南亚地区的战争赔偿。但是,随着蒋政权的节节失利以及冷战局势的日趋明朗,美国的对日政策由抑制转变为扶植,对华赔偿问题亦陷于停滞。败退台湾以后,为了换取日本的承认与援助,蒋政权不得不放弃对日进一步索赔。
国共内战与败退台湾,乃是蒋介石对日“以德报怨”政策变质的催化剂。
日本“台湾帮”:“以德报怨”的政治遗留物
承上所述,就“以德报怨”的对日政策,我们应当从两个方面进行考量:一方面,它确实是理想主义与人道主义政策的产物,对中国战场战局的和平结束有着积极意义;另一方面,它又是蒋政权谋取政治资本的行径,并对后来台湾与大陆的政治较量产生了深远的影响。
日本投降时,百余万在华军队还保持着较为完整的建制,中国派遣军总司令冈村宁次在发往日本国内的电报中声称:“派遣军拥有百万大军,且连战连胜,国家间之战争虽已失败,然战场之形势仍占据主动,以如此之军势而被重庆方面解除武装,实为不应之事。”但是,《抗战胜利告全国军民及全世界人士书》放送后,日本军队方面的顽抗态度松动,8月20日,中国派遣军总参谋长小林浅三郎发布《对支处理纲要》,要求日军“协助重庆中央政府达成和平局面”。
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