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蒋介石病逝后为何被日本媒体认为是“英雄”

2016-10-28 16:30:49   国薇 魏灵学

蒋介石的喜悦,可以说是一种发自内心的、对于胜利的情感宣泄。但是,在涉及对日处理问题的公开言论中,蒋则表现得极为克制与宽容——这与其他战胜国领导人的“复仇主义”言论构成了一种鲜明的反差。“密苏里号”受降仪式结束后,杜鲁门在广播中声称:“今天是我们永远不会忘记的报复日,就和我们纪念耻辱的珍珠港事件日一样。”(《新华日报》1945年9月3日)斯大林则在广播中声称:“1904年俄军所遭受的耻辱、俄国人民心中悲痛的记忆、老一辈人期待抹去的污点,终于在今日得以洗刷。”(《新华日报》1945年9月4日)而蒋介石的广播讲话《抗战胜利告全国军民及世界人士书》则发表于8月15日,要早于前两者,文中宣称:

“我中国同胞们必知'不念旧恶'及'与人为善'为我民族传统至高至贵的德性。我们一贯声言,只认日本黩武的军阀为敌,不以日本的人民为敌。今天敌军已被我们打倒了,我们当然要严密责成他忠实执行所有的投降条款,但是我们并不要报复,更不可对敌国无辜人民加以污辱,我们只有对他们为他的纳粹军阀所愚弄所驱迫而表示怜悯,使他们能自拔于错误与罪恶。要知道如果以暴行答复敌人从前的暴行,以奴辱来答复他们从前错误的优越感,则冤冤相报,永无终止,决不是我们仁义之师的目的。”

蒋介石的讲话,在日本社会各界激起了巨大的影响。《蒋中正总统档案·事略稿本》中记录道:“日本东京《读卖新闻》发表社评,盛赞蒋公人格及领导力量之伟大,并对中国人民于战事终止后不向在华日人实行报复一事表示感谢......该社评认为......蒋主席发表宽待在华日人、以德报怨之主张,此乃现代史上最仁慈、最文明之文告......在华日人于战事结束后,竟能自中国平安遣返,实为蒋主席对其人民之伟大政治力量及英明领导之所致也。”1946年3月21日,蒋介石接见了中国驻日军事代表团团长朱世明,亦指示了“对日本所持'以德报怨'政策之要点”。正如日本学者家近亮子在《日中关系的基本构造》一书中指出,这篇讲话中所蕴含的思想,成为了战后初期蒋政权对日政策的基调与原则。

“以德报怨”与“无奈之举”

在战后对日处理问题上,蒋政权在很大程度上确实贯彻了“以德报怨”的原则。

首先是滞留在华的日军及民众问题。日本宣布投降时,在国民政府负责的受降区内,有日本现役军人约1,183,800人,平民约999,470人,合计约2,183,270人。1945年12月15日,美国总统杜鲁门亦发表声明,其内容之一即与中国合作遣返日本在华军队,使日本在华不残余任何势力。根据学者梁敬所著《马歇尔使华报告书笺注》,马歇尔当时的解释是:“政策声明中......消除日本人在华之势力,无形中即谓在华日侨。”针对这些军民,蒋政权采取了三项措施:其一,动用了大量中国航运力,1946年7月即遣返完毕;动员大批人力对日本民众加以保护;其三,允许日本军民可携带不超过1000日元的个人财物以及不超过30公斤的行李回国。

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