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真正黑科技:美国SR-71“黑鸟”的冷战故事

2016-10-24 14:53:01   空军之翼

这张摄于1964年11月12日的照片展现了臭鼬工厂的第一架黑鸟生产型(950号机)在最后生产阶段的情况,此时距离首飞还有5周的时间

静态实验从1964年12月开始,洛克希德说这张照片拍摄于1964年12月20日,而罗伯特.吉利兰在2天后就完成了SR-71的首飞

变循环动力

SR-71成功的关键就是它令人眩目的速度,使得它能够甩掉任何来袭的苏联战斗机或导弹。飞机的发动机和之前的任何一种都不一样,是涡轮喷气/冲压喷气的变循环动力系统。吉利兰解释道:“如果你画一张X/Y轴的坐标图,X轴是速度、Y轴是效率,没有涡喷发动机,它飞得越快,效率就越低,而冲压发动机使其成为了可能。你飞得越快,效率就越高。所以,我们把2.3马赫速度上的2条曲线合并起来,随着飞机速度的增加,发动机从涡喷模式变为冲压模式。你得记住我们让它成功了,否则就飞不出这样的飞行包线。一开始,凯利跟我说,如果飞机飞到了1200英里/小时,他会相当高兴,结果飞机飞出了2倍高的速度。记住,SR-71从A点向B点飞去的路线是又高又直的,而且相当快—毫无阻拦。”

在黑鸟的早期试飞阶段也出现过很多问题,但这种飞机本来就是复杂的。在很长时间里,试飞员们都喜欢挑战、危险和兴奋,而且变得越来越喜欢这种方式。用查克.耶格尔(Chuck Yeager)的话来说:“我们试飞员都是一群肾上腺素的瘾君子。”吉利兰回忆道:“我记得在一次试飞中,2台发动机都在85000英尺高度上挂掉了,直到下降至12000英尺高度才完成重启。这次飞行中,我差一点就要跳伞,但是对我来说那是相当糟糕的,因为那天地面上的风速达到了30节。加州爱德华兹空军基地的试飞员里流传着这样一句话:‘以30节的速度和约书亚树握手。’在这片区域里跳伞是相当危险的。

“我记得起还有其它的危险情况出现。其中一次是发电机出故障,导致油料无法传输。随着你进入超音速飞行,你的升力中心也在向后移动,因此,我们设计了我们的CG(飞机重心)系统,这样,飞机的油箱可以按照特定的顺序来使用。飞行过程中,为了保证右侧的副翼进行微调并将阻力减到最少,飞机的重心保留在你可以有效控制的范围内,而且不会产生额外的阻力。如果你把副翼升起来,那看起来就像是开着减速板飞行一样。飞机的重心是自动调整的,如果它不正常工作,飞行员就进行手动调整,让它正常工作。升力中心和重心是应该被修正的,以便让你在调整副翼时产生的阻力减到最少。”

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