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毛泽东:如果国民党军也学红军长征 一定会被消灭

2016-10-21 16:24:07   许述

军事平均主义,到一九三四年第五次反“围剿”时,发展到了极点。“六路分兵”,“全线抵御”,以为可以制敌,结果为敌所制,原因在于惧怕丧失土地。集中主力于一个方向,其他方向剩下了钳制力量,自然不免使土地受到损失。然而这是暂时的局部的损失,其代价是突击方向取得了胜利。突击方向胜利了,钳制方向的损失就可以恢复了。敌人的第一、二、三、四次“围剿”都使我们遭受了土地的损失,特别是在敌人第三次“围剿”时江西红军根据地几乎全部丧失了,然而结果我们的土地不但都恢复了,而且还扩大了。

由于看不见根据地人民的力量,常常发生惧怕红军远离根据地的错误心理。这种心理在一九三二年江西红军远出打福建的漳州时,一九三三年第四次反“围剿”战役胜利后红军转向福建进攻时,都曾发生过。前者惧怕整个根据地被占,后者惧怕根据地的一部被占,而反对集中兵力,主张分兵把守,结果都证明不对。在敌人看来,一方面根据地使他们畏进,一方面打到白区去的红军是他们的主要的危险物。敌军的注意力总是向着主力红军所在地,抛开主力红军不顾而专向根据地,是很少这种事情的。在红军实行防御时,敌人的注意力也还是集中于红军。缩小根据地的计划是敌人整个计划的一部分;但是如果红军集中主力消灭其一路,敌军统帅部就不得不把他们的注意力和他们的军力更大地向着红军。所以,敌人缩小根据地的计划,也是能够破坏的。“堡垒主义的五次‘围剿’时期我们不能集中作战,只能分兵防御从事短促突击”,这种说法也是不对的。敌人三里五里一进、十里八里一推的堡垒主义作战法,完全是红军自己的节节抗御促成的。如果我军在内线放弃节节抗御的战法,再在必要和可能时转向敌人的内线打去,局面必然是另外一种。集中兵力的法则,正是战胜堡垒主义的工具。

我们主张的集中兵力,并不包括放弃人民的游击战争在内。立三路线主张废弃小的游击战争,“一枝枪也集中到红军中去”,早已证明是不对的了。人民的游击战争,从整个革命战争的观点看来,和主力红军是互为左右手,只有主力红军而无人民的游击战争,就像一个独臂将军。根据地的人民条件,具体地说来,特别是对于作战说来,就是有武装起来了的人民。敌人视为畏途,主要地也在这一点。

置红军的支队于次要的作战方向也是必要的,不是一切都要集中。我们主张的集中兵力,是建立在保证对于战场作战的绝对或相对优势的原则上。对于强敌,或关系紧要的战场作战,应以绝对优势的兵力临之,例如一九三○年十二月三十日第一次反“围剿”的第一仗,集中四万人打张辉瓒的九千人。对于弱敌或不关紧要的战场作战,临之以相对优势的兵力也就够了,例如一九三一年五月三十一日第二次反“围剿”的最后一战,向建宁打七千人的刘和鼎师,红军只用了一万多人。

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