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要完全达到这种目的,集中兵力、运动战、速决战、歼灭战,都是必要的条件。而集中兵力,是首先的和主要的。集中兵力之所以必要,是为了改变敌我的形势。
第一,是为了改变进退的形势。过去是敌进我退,现在是企图达到我进敌退之目的。集中兵力一战而胜,这个目的在本战斗就达到了,也给予影响于全战役。
第二,是为了改变攻守的形势。退却到退却终点,在防御战中基本上属于消极阶段,即“守”的阶段。反攻则属于积极阶段,即“攻”的阶段。虽然在整个战略防御中并没有脱离防御性质,然而反攻和退却相较,不但形式上,而且内容上,是起了变化的东西。反攻是战略防御和战略进攻之间的过渡的东西,带着战略进攻前夜的性质,集中兵力就为达此目的。
第三,是为了改变内外线的形势。处于战略上内线作战的军队,特别是处于被“围剿”环境的红军,蒙受着许多的不利。但我们可以而且完全应该在战役或战斗上,把它改变过来。将敌军对我军的一个大“围剿”,改为我军对敌军的许多各别的小围剿。将敌军对我军的战略上的分进合击,改为我军对敌军的战役或战斗上的分进合击。将敌军对我军的战略上的优势,改为我军对敌军的战役或战斗上的优势。将战略上处于强者地位的敌军,使之在战役或战斗上处于弱者的地位。同时,将自己战略上的弱者地位,使之改变为战役上或战斗上的强者的地位。这即是所谓内线作战中的外线作战,“围剿”中的围剿,封锁中的封锁,防御中的进攻,劣势中的优势,弱者中的强者,不利中的有利,被动中的主动。从战略防御中争取胜利,基本上靠了集中兵力的一着。在中国红军的战史中,这个问题常常成为重要的争论问题。一九三○年十月四日吉安之役,不待兵力完全集中就实行开进和攻击,幸而敌人(邓英师)自己逃走了,我们的攻击本身并没有奏效。
从一九三二年开始,有所谓“全线出击”的口号,要求从根据地的东西南北四面出击。这不但在战略防御时不对,就是在战略进攻时也是不对的。在整个敌我对比的形势没有根本改变的时候,无论战略或战术,都有防御和进攻、钳制和突击的两方面,事实上绝少所谓全线出击。全线出击的口号,是伴随军事冒险主义而来的军事平均主义。军事平均主义者到一九三三年,有所谓“两个拳头打人”的说法,把红军主力分割为二,企图在两个战略方向同时求胜。那时的结果是一个拳头置于无用,一个拳头打得很疲劳,而且没有当时可能取得的最大胜利。照我的意见,在有强大敌军存在的条件下,无论自己有多少军队,在一个时间内,主要的使用方向只应有一个,不应有两个。我不反对作战方向有两个或两个以上,但主要的方向,在同一个时间内,只应有一个。中国红军以弱小者的姿态出现于内战的战场,其迭挫强敌震惊世界的战绩,依赖于兵力集中使用者甚大。无论哪一个大胜仗,都可以证明这一点。“以一当十,以十当百”,是战略的说法,是对整个战争整个敌我对比而言的;在这个意义上,我们确实是如此。不是对战役和战术而言的;在这个意义上,我们决不应如此。无论在反攻或进攻,我们总是集结大力打敌一部。一九三一年一月的江西宁都县东韶地区打谭道源的作战,一九三一年九月的江西兴国县高兴圩地区打十九路军的作战,一九三二年七月广东南雄县水口圩地区打陈济棠的作战,一九三三年十二月江西黎川县团村地区打陈诚的作战,都吃了兵力不集中的亏。如像水口圩和团村这一类的仗,本来一般算作胜仗,而且还算作大胜仗的(前者击溃陈济棠二十个团,后者击溃陈诚十二个团〔51〕),然而我们历来就不欢迎这种胜仗,在某种意义上简直还可以说它是败仗。因为没有缴获或缴获不超过消耗,在我们看来是很少意义的。我们的战略是“以一当十”,我们的战术是“以十当一”,这是我们制胜敌人的根本法则之一。
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