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反攻阶段中,问题是很多的,主要的如反攻开始问题、集中兵力问题、运动战问题、速决战问题、歼灭战问题等。这些问题的原则,不论对于反攻说来,或对于进攻说来,在其基本性质上,是没有区别的。在这个意义上,可以说反攻就是进攻。然而反攻不完全是进攻。反攻原则,是在敌人进攻时应用的。进攻原则,是在敌人防御时应用的。在这个意义上,又都有若干的区别了。因为这个理由,虽然这里把作战的许多问题统统说在战略防御的反攻部门中,而在战略进攻部门中只说些另外的问题,以避重复,但我们应用时,却不可忽略其相同点,也不可忽略其差异点。
第五节 反攻开始问题
反攻开始问题,即所谓“初战”或“序战”问题。许多资产阶级军事家都主张慎重初战,不论在战略防御或战略进攻皆然,而以防御为尤甚。我们过去,也曾经严重地提出了这个问题。江西反对敌人第一次至第五次“围剿”的作战给了我们以丰富的经验,研究一下这些经验不是没有益处的。
第一次“围剿”时,敌人以约十万人之众,由北向南,从吉安、建宁之线,分八个纵队向红军根据地进攻。当时的红军约四万人,集中于江西省宁都县的黄陂、小布地区。当时的情况是:(一)“进剿”军不过十万人,且均非蒋之嫡系,总的形势不十分严重。(二)敌军罗霖师防卫吉安,隔在赣江之西。(三)敌军公秉藩、张辉瓒、谭道源三师进占吉安东南、宁都西北的富田、东固、龙冈、源头一带。张师主力在龙冈,谭师主力在源头。富田、东固两地因人民受AB团欺骗一时不信任红军,并和红军对立,不宜选作战场(四)敌军刘和鼎师远在福建白区的建宁,不一定越入江西。(五)敌军毛炳文、许克祥两师进至广昌宁都之间的头陂、洛口、东韶一带。头陂是白区,洛口是游击区,东韶有AB团,易走漏消息。且打了毛炳文许克祥再向西打,恐西面张辉瓒、谭道源、公秉藩三师集中,不易决胜,不能最后解决问题。(六)张、谭两师是“围剿”主力军,“围剿”军总司令江西主席鲁涤平的嫡系部队,张又是前线总指挥。消灭此两师,“围剿”就基本上打破了。两师各约一万四千人,张师又分置两处,我一次打一个师是绝对优势。(七)张、谭两师主力所在的龙冈、源头一带接近我之集中地,且人民条件好,能荫蔽接近。(八)龙冈有优良阵地。源头不好打。如敌攻小布就我,则阵地亦好。(九)我在龙冈方向能集中最大兵力。龙冈西南数十里之兴国,尚有一个千余人的独立师,亦可迂回于敌后。(一○)我军实行中间突破,将敌人的阵线打开一缺口后,敌之东西诸纵队便被分离为远距之两群。基于以上理由,我们的第一仗就决定打而且打着了张辉瓒的主力两个旅和一个师部,连师长在内九千人全部俘获,不漏一人一马。一战胜利,吓得谭师向东韶跑,许师向头陂跑。我军又追击谭师消灭它一半。五天内打两仗(一九三○年十二月三十日至一九三一年一月三日),于是富田、东固、头陂诸敌畏打纷纷撤退,第一次“围剿”就结束了。
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