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胡宗南主动送上门
从军事部署角度看,当过黄埔军校校长的蒋介石,对此次围剿可谓精心策划。中央军第37军(毛炳文)、第3军(王均)为两路,由会宁向靖远方向分进合击;以嫡系胡宗南的第1军为主力一路,由静宁向海原方向进击;而东北军67军(军长王以哲)的何柱国部及其骑兵师为一路,则由隆德向黑城镇方向压迫。老蒋以更“可靠”的中央军为作战主体,以东北军为辅助,明显是向张学良、杨虎城等施压,甚至有借机派兵进入西北“监军”的意味。
面对敌军大规模进剿,红军方面也遇到了问题。为了反围剿,3大主力会师前,中央就提出旨在消灭胡宗南的《静(宁)会(宁)战役计划》;10月11日中央军委发布《十月份作战纲领》,计划实施宁夏战役,意图集中3个方面军主力向北发展,巩固和扩大根据地。但由于多种原因,静会、宁夏战役计划相继流产,迫使红军不得不放弃豫旺(现宁夏回族自治区吴忠市同心县豫旺镇)以西的大片土地。国民党军则趁势从静宁、会宁追至陕甘苏区的门口,形势十分危急。
当时,红军所在的陕甘宁交界处,是黄土高原最贫瘠的地区,人口稀少,干旱少雨,物产有限。数万红军云集此地,不仅难以补充兵员、筹集物资,且作战空间十分有限。而红军刚刚会师,红二、四方面军经过长途跋涉,红一方面军则刚经过连续作战,都十分疲惫。一旦反围剿失利,红军甚至会被迫离开陕甘,东渡黄河,再次战略转移。类似情况在长征中就发生过,红二、六军团在贵州毕节本想建立根据地,结果在军事压力下不得不继续转战。因此,红军必须痛击中央军,方能确保陕甘苏区的安全。
而当时两军态势,胡宗南的第1军已经向豫旺扑来,第37军还在黄河东岸,第3军占领同心县城后行动迟缓,基本上就地观望,东北军则不愿意再当蒋介石的炮灰,遂在张学良授意下驻军庆阳、驿马镇一带“备战”。这种情况下,红军很快明确了作战目标:对东北军采取统一战线方针,保持对峙,维持默契;对毛炳文、王均部进行牵制,相机实施打击;对前出的主力胡宗南部,则以“逐次转移,诱敌深入”之法,在预定的有利地区集中优势兵力,予以歼灭。
从战役策划角度看,红军的部署充分利用了国民党军内部矛盾,先在政治上孤立了蒋介石,在军事上分化敌军的力量,最后得以在装备人员都不占优的情况下,集中兵力消灭突进之敌。而打歼灭战的地点,就选在了山城堡。
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