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中国“驻日占领军”夭折真相:并非因内战那么简单

2016-10-14 16:35:58   孔卫华

其次,再从外部的环境来看,当日本战败的时候,国际形势已经发生了很大变化。诚然,罗斯福曾经讲过上述那番话,但事出有因,因为当时他曾设想用中国来作为进攻日本的基地。1943年2月,罗斯福即宣布“无意花费漫长的时间,在辽阔的的太平洋上逐岛缓慢地攻击”,他估计“如果从南方进军,每个月只能攻占一个岛屿,估计50年左右才能达到日本。”“中国大陆作为强大美国空军的基地比海基更有效。”也就是说,美国还需要中国的大力支持,才能以最小的代价击败日本。这显示出当时美国把对日作战的难度估计得过高,既然离不开中国的协助,那么就有必要对中国作出一些善意的回报。但随着罗斯福在1945年4月突然辞世,副总统杜鲁门的仓促上任,美国的政策制定者已经易人,诚然,此时的美国对外政策会出现一些与其前任所不同的地方。但如果将日后中国未能主导对日占领的原因归结于罗斯福的去世,并为此而深感惋惜的话,那就未免太书生气了。作为一国元首,首先考虑的是其本国的国家利益,即使是在众人眼中对华颇为友好的罗斯福总统,在争取苏联参战的《雅尔塔协定》上,与苏联达成维持外蒙古现状,大连商港国际化保障苏联优越权等出卖中国利益的交易。事实上,太平洋战场的形势比原先的估计要顺利得多,中国的作用也就相对降低了许多。而且,当时罗斯福对蒋介石的所谓“主导对日占领事务”,也仅仅是一种口头允诺,并非书面形式的条约、协定。在国际关系中,条约、协定尚且充满变数的情况下,这种口头承诺显然不必去当真了。更重要的是,战后美苏利益冲突日益加深,在联合抗击德国、日本的合作道路上,出于共同利益的需要,美苏尚能并肩作战,发扬“国际主义精神”。一旦共同的敌人消失,美苏之间的矛盾就难以再掩盖下去。首先,表现在对德国的占领问题上,由于攻占德国时,苏联及美、英、法各自占领了柏林市及整个德国的不同地区。出于意识形态的相互对立及利益之争,造成日后的德国分裂局面,这个问题一直困扰着欧洲。因此,继任总统杜鲁门说“我们希望把日本置于代表盟国的美国指挥官的控制之下,”“我决定,对日本的占领不能重蹈德国的覆辙。我不打算分割管制或划分占领区,我不想给俄国人以任何机会,在让他们像在德国和奥地利那样去行动。”美国已经下决心单独占领日本,此时,即使中国有心去主导对日事务,也已不再可能。1945年8月13日,杜鲁门任命麦克阿瑟为盟军最高统帅,全权处理对日占领事务。8月30日—9月6日,46万美军以“盟军”名义陆续进驻并单独占领了日本。至此,大局已定。

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