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揭秘:武昌起义前孙中山领导的十次武装起义

2016-10-13 15:19:21   华声在线

伟大的民主革命先行者孙中山,在他青年时代,曾经幻想过以改良的手段来挽救中国。1894年6月,他曾上书清廷直隶总督李鸿章,陈述“治国之大经,强国之大本”,但遭到李鸿章拒绝。上书的失败,才使孙中山“知和平之法无可复施。然望治之心愈坚,要求之念愈切,积渐而知和平之手段不得不稍易强迫。”在这之后,至1911年武昌起义推翻清朝统治之前,孙中山领导了十次武装起义。

一、乙未广州之役(1895年10月),也称广州起义,主要指挥者孙中山

1894年11月,正值甲午中日战争期间,孙中山在檀香山组织了中国最早的资产阶级革命团体“兴中会”。第二年2月,在香港成立了兴中会总机关,并着手组织武装起义。同月,孙中山、陆皓东、郑士良、杨衢云、陈少白等在香港开会,决定联络广东各地会党和防营,于当年重阳节在广州起义;夺取广州作为根据地,并从这里北伐,以推翻清朝统治。起义的总指挥部就设在香港兴中会总机关,对外称“乾亨行”,以商业作为掩护。不久陆皓东等人又在广州设立了起义的指挥机关,对外称“农学会”。孙中山来往于广州、香港及家乡香山县之间,联络会党和防营,一切准备接近就绪,不幸起义前夕事泄,起义的领导者之一陆皓东被捕牺牲,孙中山等被迫走避日本。这次还未发动的起义,作为孙中山推翻清朝统治的“战争事业”的发端而载入史册。

二、庚子惠州之役(1900年10月),也称惠州三洲田起义,主要指挥者郑士良

1900年,孙中山乘义和团运动的时机,派郑士良前往广东惠州联络会党发动起义,又派史坚如到广州策动,他自已则从日本到香港,准备潜入内地领导起义。但香港殖民当局不准他登岸,只好又折回日本转渡台湾,打算再从台湾潜入内地。1900年10月,郑士良在惠州三洲田率三合会众六百多人起义,分东西两路进发,连胜清军,占领了新安、大鹏至惠州、平海一带沿海地区。起义军迅速发展到二万余人。为了取得海外接济,起义军向福建、厦门方向运动。日本帝国主义支持清政府,破坏了孙中山的接济计划。义军血战半月,终因弹尽粮绝而被迫解散。郑士良走避香港。

三、丁未黄冈之役(1907年5月),也称潮州黄冈起义,主要指挥者陈涌波、余既成

1905年8月,孙中山在日本东京联合兴中会、华兴会、光复会,成立了中国第一个资产阶级革命政党——中国同盟会。同盟会成立后,以武装起义推翻清朝统治的斗争进入了一个新的阶段。从1907年5月到1908年4月,在不到一年的时间内,孙中山和黄兴在两广和云南,接连发动了六次起义。当时孙中山的战略思想是:在华南沿海地区发动起义,容易得到海外饷械的接济;先夺取两广为根据地然后挥师北上;长江南北革命党人齐起响应,必能推翻清朝统治。1907年3月,应清政府要求,日本政府驱逐孙中山出境。孙中山乃于3月下旬经新加坡到达越南,建立了同盟会分会,在旅越华侨中募集起义经费,并在河内设立了粤、桂、滇武装起义的总机关。之后,孙中山派许雪秋、余既成到广东潮州,派邓子瑜到广东惠州组织起义。5月22日,余既成,陈涌波率会党人士数百人,攻入潮州黄冈,以中华国民军的名义张贴布告。由于清军大举进攻,起义军坚持战斗数天,终因死伤过重而告失败。

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