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“国民党头等战犯”卫立煌为何1955年突然回大陆?

2016-10-12 14:57:50   刘振修

抗战爆发后,蒋介石任命卫立煌为第二战区副司令长官、二战区前敌总指挥,令其率军开赴山西。蒋这样做目的有三:其一,在全国抗战大形势下,派善打硬仗的卫立煌到华北前线抗日,以捞取“领导”全国抗日的名声和地位;其二,卫立煌是反共出了名的,调他进山西,可以监视、钳制、甚至消灭驻山西的八路军,并可与西北胡宗南部队遥相呼应,包围封锁以至进攻陕甘宁边区。蒋认为,以卫立煌的反共历史,他不会同共产党妥协、合作,同时中共也不会信任卫立煌,因而不会有国民党军被中共统战之虑;其三,蒋还想在阎老西的地盘插上一只脚,以图逐步占有山西。这是蒋的主观意图,至于卫本人的思想状况如何,他并不摸底。

平型关大捷,八路军打破日军不可战胜的神话,使卫立煌对这支装备落后的军队刮目相看。忻口战役,八路军一二九师火烧阳明堡飞机场,有力地配合国民党正面战场。八路军的山地游击战,机动灵活,有效地消灭敌人有生力量,更使卫佩服不已。战役前后,卫立煌在太原、临汾几次会见周恩来,相互开诚布公地交换了各自的观点。他受周恩来影响很深,这是他思想转变的一个契机。周恩来去武汉后,朱德总司令负责和卫接触联系,朱德这位辛亥革命的老将、赫赫有名的总司令,以忠厚长者的风度和亲切、诚恳、谦虚、热情的态度与卫长谈,给他留下了极其深刻的印象,这是引导他乐于和八路军接近,并使其改变对共产党看法的第二个人。作为来延安的“高级”客人,卫受到热情接待。卫对八路军以“战地服务团”的工作方式,对部队进行宣传鼓动和政治思想教育的做法十分赞赏,决定学习八路军的经验,在自己的部队里成立这种政治工作的组织,以提高官兵的士气与战斗力。后来,他向八路军要了一名战地记者赵荣声(地下党员)来做他的秘书,赵在他身边,起到了帮助卫政治上进步的作用。卫立煌参观延安抗大及其他地方,他看到抗大以至整个延安的官兵一致、军民一致,平等、互助、团结的同志式的关系……看到所有生气勃勃、奋发向上的事物的时候,都感到非常新鲜、敬佩。他受到气氛感染,发表演讲,表示:“今后要继续和八路军亲密合作,向八路军学习,和八路军一道坚持华北抗战,绝不退过黄河。反对投降妥协,反对仓皇失措、退却逃跑,收复一切失地!”如果说卫立煌在来延安之前,经过周恩来、朱德的细致、耐心的思想工作,思想已经有了接近共产党、八路军的萌芽,那么延安之行后,他的思想就更前进了一大步。

延安之行后,卫立煌有了许多“不同寻常”的表现:在西安,他以第二战区副司令长官的名义,批发给十八集团军(1937年9月11日后八路军的新番号)上百万发子弹和手榴弹等军用物资,给予共产党以有力支援;他学习研究延安出版的书籍,研读毛泽东《论持久战》,增强了抗战必胜信念;他大胆吸取延安抗大的学生到他的部队中来;消极应付和拒绝蒋介石发动的第三次反共高潮的内战命令。

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