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“国民党头等战犯”卫立煌为何1955年突然回大陆?

2016-10-12 14:57:50   刘振修

刘振修

2013年04月08日09:40

推荐至人民微博: 用户名: 密码:  看看微博    1949年1月1日,《人民日报》发表国民党头等战犯名单,卫立煌名列其中,他长叹一声,说:“我有救了!”蒋介石曾两次派人游说卫去台湾或者去国外,均遭到拒绝。卫郑重地说:“我是一个中国人,我将来一定回到新中国,等等再说吧。”

“相机行事”

抗战期间,卫立煌率部转战山西、滇西等地,立下赫赫战功。史迪威在回忆录中称卫立煌是国民党军队中最能干的将领,美国出版的《中国人名大辞典》也称他为“常胜将军”,这种殊荣,在国民党军人中实属罕见。但蒋介石对卫在抗战中的表现却不甚满意,对他在山西作战时与八路军的密切关系已有所察觉,所以抗战胜利后,借口让他考察欧美,解除了他的兵权。

1947年底,国民党军在东北屡遭惨败,蒋介石打电话给正在法国的卫立煌,令其回国担任东北“剿总”总司令。卫不知该怎么办才好,通过苏联驻法大使馆打电报同中共中央商量,中央给了比较灵活的复电,让他“相机行事”。他还通过留法左派学生领袖汪德昭向中共中央发电说:“为了尽快结束中国内战,我愿意在自己力所能及的范围内,力求与中共合作;因个人环境关系,希望绝对保守秘密。”蒋介石本希望借助卫立煌的军事才能和威望挽救东北败局,但他根本没有料到,卫立煌已经不是原来的卫立煌了。在抗战中他就曾保证以后再也不打共产党,甚至曾秘密提出要求加入中国共产党。考虑到抗战大局和国共两党的关系,当时中央委婉地转告卫,到哪里都能为人民做事,不一定非要加入共产党。

卫立煌到东北后,集中兵力,固守要点。不管各地如何告急,不管蒋介石如何一再电令其派兵解围,他总是驻守原地,拒不出战,同时收揽人心,整修工事。他的貌似积极备战,颇能掩入耳目。他常对周围人说:“共军擅长围城打援,我们绝不能轻举妄动,中其圈套,只有积蓄力量,固守沈阳,以待时局变化。”他的这种“静待时机”的僵持状况一直持续到辽沈战役开始。

战役打响后,蒋介石让卫出辽西解锦州之围,卫却借口“沈阳只能固守以自保”而不执行蒋的命令。同时强令手下要稳扎稳打,不要做无益的牺牲,对于廖耀湘装甲兵团的燃料弹药供应,不准超过一星期,造成行动迟缓的廖耀湘兵团全部被歼。战后国民党在总结辽沈战役失败原因时,认为“东北之失陷,基于锦州之失守,由于沈阳援兵久而不至。沈援之不能速达,在于卫立煌之不能即时奉行命令”。卫立煌“贻误戎机达13日之久”,“古今中外,除非作乱造**,否则,断未见有此种不受节制之将领”。

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