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孙中山逝世后不久梁启超评价孙:为达目的不择手段

2016-10-10 14:09:17   庄泽晞 澎湃新闻网

舆论普遍认为,中山病危将导致民党的解体,张作霖即向日本记者提到,孙中山一旦逝世“国民党必因之分裂而消灭”(《盛京时报》1925年2月9日);《香港华字日报》亦评论称:“此后国民党或不免有孙存与存、孙亡与亡之慨也。”

大限之至

基于孙中山地位之关键,其患病消息自始便备受关注,且多流言蜚语。日本东方通讯社对“孙文逝世”的不实报道更曾引起风波。该社于1925年1月27日发出通讯,第一次报道了中山死亡的消息。此次“误报”含有日本方面反对孙中山的意图,实为情报机关的有意策划。以此电文为依据,相关报道广泛出现于香港、上海、东北等地区的报纸上,在日本、韩国等国家也产生了相当大的反响。时任广东省长的胡汉民迅即向各报社下达禁止转载东方社电文的命令,并给日本驻广州领事发去公函要求解释。而孙氏在京养病期间,“外间不明真相者,往往多揣测之辞。此次移入协和医院割治,尤多谣传”(《顺天时报》1925年1月30日)。

直到中山逝世,纷扰仍未停歇,在葬仪问题上国民党与北京政府亦有争执。国会依照国葬条例中“有殊勋于国家者”之规定,请对孙中山崇以国葬,段祺瑞执政也加以核准。惟民党方面的决议,则提出宜用国民礼制,以符中山崇尚平等之精神,其更实际的考虑,则是背后的政治角逐。当时广东大元帅府尚未取消,孙、段两政府本属对立,若受执政府之命令举行国葬,等于自行取消广州政府,故有意避其名目。唐绍仪、章太炎亦联名致电孙科及国民党中央执行委员会,谓:“得报知孙公逝世,论功本应国葬。惟现在未有正式政府、正式国会,此事无法可循。应由家属及人民以礼行葬,待正式政府成立,追予国葬,始受命令,毋使孙公身后贻非法之羞。”(《晨报》1925年3月15日)

功罪评说

中山逝世后,报刊多登载对其功过是非的评议,后世固对孙氏之功勋推崇有加,而当时不少别样的评论,也反映了时人的相应态度。对于中山之死,《盛京时报》直言不讳:“总而言之,他在理想方面,名的方面,确已成功;在事业方面,实的方面,则不见有何功绩可言,……直到如今,国家依然四分五裂,百孔千创。”与孙氏颇有过往的唐绍仪、梁启超,则或对其方针,或对其手段,皆有不同意见。

唐绍仪与孙中山“同省且同县”,相识“已四十年”,颇称许孙的政治理想,对记者谈到:“吾人于哀悼中山先生之际,尤应注意一事,即中山先生实为中国民主主义之成功之人。……其毕生存留最大事实,为反对专制之奋斗,反对腐败之奋斗,及为政府正义之奋斗,此种思想已深入全国人心。”惟唐氏主张联省自治,与孙中山的政治路线有所不同,曾谓:“余以中国区域之大,省分又多,譬如一家人中,弟兄甚多,若不分居两处,弟兄间争执必多。余因此觉得中国的政局,除实行联治外,无好方法。……不过我的私见,五权宪法或不及联省自治功用之大与适用。”(《晨报》1925年3月24日)

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