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孙中山逝世后不久梁启超评价孙:为达目的不择手段

2016-10-10 14:09:17   庄泽晞 澎湃新闻网

梁启超与中山则于戊戌年间即已订交,后因政见不合,遂鲜少接晤。中山逝世次日,便有《晨报》记者往访梁氏问其感想,梁谓:“孙君是一位历史上大人物,这是无论何人不能不公鉴的。实□我对于他最佩服的:第一,是意志力坚强,经历多少风波,始终未稍挫折;第二,是临事机警,长于应变,尤其对于群众心理,最善观察,最善应用;第三,是操守廉洁——最少他自己本身不肯胡乱弄钱,便弄钱也绝不为个人目的。孙君人物的价值就在这三件。……我记得民国六年有一位朋友闲谈说:‘孙文与段祺瑞乃至当时所谓督军团如张作霖等等,有一天因利害共同上,会联合起来。’我当时觉得这话太滑稽了,谁知竟成事实!这是最近人人共见的一个显例。……但我以为孙君所以成功者在此,其所以失败者亦未必不在此。我们很可惜的是,孙君本来目的没有实现的机会□便死去了,我们所看见的只是孙君的手段,无从判断他的真价值。”(《晨报》1925年3月13日)另据报道,翌日上午梁启超前往吊唁中山,国民党中一部分少年党员对其谈话愤恨不平,诘问道:“某报所载足下谈话,谓先生(指中山)为目的不择手段,此是何解!”梁氏答称:“此不过余个人慨叹中山目的未达而已。”少年党员尚欲再问,经汪精卫阻止,始无言而退。(《顺天时报》1925年3月15日)

后随国民党统治时期的到来,孙中山的声望也由党及国,1940年4月1日,国民政府表彰中山之“倡导国民革命,手创中华民国”,通令全国尊崇其为中华民国国父,可谓极尽身后功名荣华。然对孙氏的生前志业,温宗尧的一段评论则更道出其政界生涯的落寞,谓:“孙之一生,绝少快乐之日,居常独处,并常深思计划一切,自昔时与李鸿章见面,以迄于死,均如此也。”(《时报》1925年3月14日)关于“国父”,时人的诸多偏见与非议,已随时间渐行消散,而披阅报刊史料所记录下的不同思考,对于剥除后世层累的政治刻画,勾勒孙中山更为真实、本原、丰富多样的历史面貌,也自有其意义所在。

参考文献:

罗刚编著:《中华民国国父实录》,台北:台湾三民主义奖学金基金会,1988年。

陈锡祺主编:《孙中山年谱长编》,中华书局,1991年。

〔韩〕裴京汉:《1925年1月孙中山逝世说的流传与日本东方通讯社》,《从韩国看的中华民国史》,社会科学文献出版社,2004年。

李恭忠:《“党葬”孙中山:现代中国的仪式与政治》,《清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》,2006年第3期。

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