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从“九·一八”事变看日本如何被“纵容”走向侵略

2016-09-18 11:00:11   中国军网

“九·一八”事变爆发后,起初美国评估认为日本的利益图谋仅限于东北,美国“贸然”对日本实施经济制裁可能导致美日战争,因此只是通过外交施加“道义压力”。当日本开始南攻锦州,威胁美国在华北利益时,美国态度才开始转变,谴责日本并表达强烈不满。但之前美国避免美日开战的意图已被日本掌握,日本无所顾忌地继续侵略。美国就此提出了毫无约束力的“不承认主义”,也未采取任何实际步骤反制日本扩张。从根源上看,这是美国的一种战略短见,最终养虎遗患招致“珍珠港事件”,损害到美国自身的利益。

相比美国,英法的战略评估近似“盲眼”。英法当时在远东的利益主要集中在长江流域及其以南,日本侵占中国东北尚没有直接威胁到它们,而且考虑日本在一战中曾加入“协约国”一方作战,在“九·一八”事变发生后希冀以牺牲中国利益为代价安抚日本,完全没有看到这一事件后续可能的演变。事变爆发后,英国驻日本大使将事变的原因归结为“中国人故意破坏日本的利益”,无视事变发生在中国本土这一基本事实。对于中国的外交诉求,英国竟放言:要让中国明白他们不应当继续持有“国联将扮演警察的角色并为了中国的利益把日本驱出满洲”的错觉。对于日本侵略者本身,英国则给予了充分支持,宣称“日本的繁荣仍是英国政策的目标之一”,并借媒体表达了对日本在中国东北的行为“怀抱同情和尊敬之感”,同时反咬“中国的行政完整在1922年不曾存在,今天也不曾存在”。法国态度与英国大致相同,甚至吹捧日本是亚洲的“好警察”,同时与日本签订大批军火合同,为其提供巨额贷款。英法战略评估的严重失误致使李顿调查团在呈交“国联”的报告书中明显偏袒日本,且不具有任何强制力。但持续的绥靖政策和软弱态度已使日本对大国底线了然于心,进一步激起其侵略欲望,向着二战策源地又走近一大步。

其实,若对日本明治维新以来的侵略行为做一历史梳理,便可发现日本对外侵略中极具投机性、欺骗性和冒险性的特点,且擅用战略动敌以探虚实。1872年日本擅自宣布琉球为其“内藩”,实为对清政府的试探,清政府的消极反应给日本打了一剂强心针。紧随其后的1874年日本侵略台湾是一次试探性战争,其重要目的是为窥探中国实力,观察列强的反应,以此作为其军国主义大规模侵略扩张的准备。二十年之后的甲午战争更是昭示了日本对中国领土与主权的狼子野心。但时人囿于各种原因,战略评估一再短视,并导致自身利益在二战中为日本所损。

八十多年已过,日本不完整的战后民主改造、特殊的国情及政党政治等,导致其在侵略历史上形成的很多特点并未完全改变,如战略动敌思维和战略投机传统,在当今的日本政策中仍然屡见不鲜。近年来围绕着岛屿主权争端、历史、军备、修宪等问题,日本右翼势力抬头,军国主义蠢蠢欲动,在处理与周边国家关系时日渐专横,在增添诸多不安全因素的同时,也潜伏着试图冲破战后和平发展秩序的投机意向,一旦机会来临可能有重演战争策源地的危险。

和平的全球环境需要各国,尤其是世界主要大国的协力营造。如果说“九·一八”事变的恶性发展还可以归于情报问题,如二战初期盟国普遍缺乏有效的战略评估体制,情报工作缺乏长期性和系统性,对日战略评估时有不准、过浅、短见、偏颇等惨痛教训。在各国情报体制日益健全壮大的今天,狭隘的利益观、霸权期望、“遏制中国”等等,却让某些国家俨然又忘掉了历史,忘掉了教训,忘掉了疼痛,反而持续“松绑”,甚至扶植、纵容贼子野心,实为不该。这样做,迟早会对全球安全造成威胁。

责任编辑:张海潮
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