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从“九·一八”事变看日本如何被纵容走向侵略
■孙路明
1931年的“九·一八”事变是日本侵华战争的起点,也是第二次世界大战的前奏之一,至今已85年。任何重大历史事件的出现都不是简单的单线条推演,必有其纷杂原因。回顾“九·一八”事变的前后经过,会发现当时各大国战略评估的严重失误,是助长日本军国主义的对外侵略气焰、纵容日本全面侵华进而发动世界大战的重要原因。
1929年世界经济危机后日本经济遭受重创,为转嫁危机,日本统治集团尤其是军部与关东军首脑,着手制定侵占中国东北的计划。为制造事变寻找借口,日本进行了周密的准备。首先,密集进行舆论造势,混淆视听。从1929年开始,日本关东军唆使法西斯组织“满蒙青年联盟”大造“满蒙危机”的舆论,污蔑中国政府“压迫”和“蹂躏”日本人在满洲的“生存权”,以此试图煽动国内民意和赚取国际“支持”。其次,密切开展情报调查与研究工作。从1929年7月开始,日本关东军先后组织三次大规模的“参谋旅行”,研究中国东北地区作战问题,同时还就经济危机下各大国可能的反应进行了深入研究。第三,制造小事件,试探各国反应。在“九·一八”事变爆发前的1931年七八月间,日本一手制造了“万宝山事件”和“中村事件”,以此试探中国及其他大国的反应。第四,利用事变后的混乱,迅速侵略中国东北三省。1931年9月18日,日本关东军制造“柳条湖事件”,在先期的目的达到后,以辽、吉两省为基地,迅速向北、南扩大侵略。最后,制造既成占领事实,扭曲真相,欺骗国际舆论。事变爆发后,日本两次发表政府声明,否认出兵是“军事占领”,声称“帝国政府在满洲没有任何领土欲望”,继续反诬中国“收回国权运动”破坏日本国民“生存权益”,并主动提出接受国联的调查,企图塑造“自身清白”的虚假形象。
“九·一八”事变是日本一次大的战略投机,其目的除侵占东北地区外,更在于试探中国和其他主要大国的反应,为下一步的全面侵华战争做铺垫。但在当时,出于对日本认识不清、狭隘的利益考虑等原因,各主要大国却少有能够对此做出正确的战略评估。
作为事变的另一当事方,中国国民党政府的反应令人咋舌。第一是不能正确判断中国的主要威胁,在日本对中国虎视眈眈、中国有陷入亡国灭种绝境的危险之时,仍固执地坚持“攘外必先安内”,为小集团的利益而党同伐异,在东北沦陷后仍宣称“外寇不足虑,内匪实为心腹之患,如不先清内匪,则决无以御外侮”,完全是本末倒置。第二是不能正确评估日本的军事力量,对日本盲目恐惧,持有失败亡国的悲观主义论调,认为中国“一切不如人”、“国家的生死存亡,完全操纵在日本人手里”,导致抵抗决心严重匮乏。第三是寄希望于大国和外交途径解决问题,事变发生后,国民党政府一再申明“中国一切听命于国联”,幻想利用“国联”和美国的力量,通过和平的途径来解决“九·一八”事变,包括对日本还存在和平幻想,表达“有与日本携手之必要”等观点。但弱国无外交,国民党政府一味求助其他大国,不过是使自身加速沦为列强利益交换的筹码。
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