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揭秘:第五次反“围剿”作战中还有第二个洋顾问

2016-09-07 13:17:19   中国军网

曼弗雷德 施特恩(Manfred Stern),他和红军五次反“围剿”失利的关系很微妙,有意思的是很多人把他的经历和李德的经历混杂在一起,其实两人走的道路完全不同。

施特恩离开中国后对自己的使命讳莫如深,但依然透露出了一些蛛丝马迹。比如,他承认正是在自己的建议下红军主力进行了分兵,成立东方军向福建方面进军。这一分兵的主要内容,是红一方面军实行分离作战,一部组成东方军入闽作战,另一部组成中央军在赣江、抚河间活动,创造会攻抚州、南昌的条件。而这一分兵,正是后来后患无穷的“两个拳头打人”战略的起始。原来经常在一起活动的红一军团和红三军团被拆散,力量减弱了,单独一支红军很难取得决定性胜利。红军指战员对此普遍表示不满。

进攻硝石,资溪的战斗,是由东方军实施的。那个“看上去很美”,试图把陈诚关进笼子里的作战计划,和这位施特恩将军在马德里、西伯利亚的几次作战颇为相似,也是他比较得意的几次战斗。

然而,施特恩不是加仑将军,他的指导结果并不美妙。攻硝石失利,攻资溪同样失利。

这个“看起来很美”的作战计划,在地图上看来颇有道理,但在第五次反“围剿”的实际作战中,却是完全脱离现实的。国民党军方面也对其进攻部队的位置特点颇为清楚,预先在硝石,资溪等侧翼方向大量修筑坚固的工事,仅仅资溪一地守军便达到三个师加一个旅。苏军作战的特点是遇到这样的状况会选择强行突破,二战中很多次血腥的战役便是这样打出来的。然而,这次“围剿”蒋介石动用了将近百万军队,而红军不但总兵力仅约十万,而且极度缺乏重武器。在以往会尽量避免这样得不偿失的攻坚战。如果说苏联军队的特点仿佛碾压力极强的巨象,那么红军便如同一头灵活的豹子,这种情况下照搬苏军重装备大兵团作战的方案,无疑只会导致失败。施特恩的经验在中央苏区显然并不适用。而他造成红军的分兵,也就是“两个拳头打人”的战略,造成红一方面军东方军打得十分疲劳,而中央军置于无用地位,使中央苏区的红军主力既不能集中优势兵力打击敌人,又失去了进行反“围剿”准备的宝贵时间。此后,第五次反“围剿”逐渐陷入被动局面,国民党军先后攻克黎川和广昌,长征便成为苏区军民唯一的选项了。

纵观第五次反“围剿”的过程,两个洋顾问提供的方案,要么是试图通过一场消灭突出部的战斗解决问题,要么试图死守某一座要塞,都是试图毕其功于一役的军事思维。这一点的问题,红军的领导人比李德和施特恩看得都要清楚。面对百万敌军的“围剿”,任何想一口吃个胖子,硬碰硬的打法都是不合理的,他们早就提出来,只有远纵深地甩开其主力,以大规模的游击战和运动战与其周旋,才有取胜的希望。然而,施特恩和李德的身份,使他们的确很长时间里压制着红军指挥员们的正确意见,这其中,施特恩的地位显然比李德更高,他的意见更难以反驳——由于他一直在上海,想沟通也无从谈起。

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