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揭秘:第五次反“围剿”作战中还有第二个洋顾问

2016-09-07 13:17:19   中国军网

施特恩在苏军中也是颇负盛名的战将,为何会和李德一起对红军作出不切实际的指导呢?看起来关键问题似乎有两个。第一,他此前的军事经验是在苏军中获得的,作战地域在辽阔的西伯利亚和蒙古高原,施特恩并不了解红军的装备情况和作战环境。对于江南地区的作战,他并不是一个很好的顾问;第二,担任中国红军总顾问期间,施特恩始终滞留于上海而从没去过苏区,军事指导人员与战场距离如此遥远,即便是拿破仑也不可能打出胜仗来。

说到底,中国人的问题还要靠中国人自己解决,特别是深入实际的中国人来解决。当遵义会议后指挥权的问题得到解决,认识到洋顾问不是哪一个都有加仑将军的水平,红军恢复了游击战和运动战的灵活战术,才终于从低谷中走了出来。这一改变,也改变了中国的命运。

1935年,施特恩黯然离开中国,显然他在这里的使命执行得并不好。由于他从来没有到过苏区,所以很多红军指战员甚至不知道他的存在,所以种种不满都指向了看得见的李德。施特恩离去后,也很少谈及自己在中国的经历,只是说他曾试图协助红军和“闽变”中的十九路军建立联盟,不过这一努力最终也归于失败。

看来,五次反“围剿”失败,让李德承担所有责任是不太准确的,至少他的上级施特恩,即第二个洋顾问也该承担相当一部分责任的。

其实与一直留在上海的施特恩相比,李德在长征后还是做了一些有意义的工作,比如他在陕北讲授的一些军事课程,被认为还是颇有价值的。那么,李德后来的命运如何呢?

卫国战争开始后,他利用自己德国人的身份,负责了对被俘德国军官的劝降——或许因为他曾经在亚洲工作过,此后他又负责过对日军战俘做同样的工作。战后,奥托 布劳恩回到了他的故乡德国,此后主要从事对列宁著作的翻译,曾经担任过民主德国(即东德)作家联盟第一副主席。他在六十年代曾撰写回忆录,其中包括在中国工作期间的内容,并在1973年出版,被翻译成中文、英文等多种文字。1975年,奥托 布劳恩在保加利亚度假期间因病逝世,纽约时报还曾经刊载过他去世的消息——至死,他作为“李德”的知名度,也远远大于奥托 布劳恩这个名字。

晚年的李德

值得一提的是可能由于施特恩后来在苏军中的地位,1939年对李德进行清算的时候,周恩来、任弼时等人并没有过多提及这位总顾问。应该说这次清算对李德或者施特恩的个人命运影响都不很大。不过,共产国际的结论颇为耐人寻味,提出李德的错误在于不了解中国的情况,出了一些错误的主意。李德这样的顾问无权对中国的事务作出决定。中国共产党是一个独立的党,对于顾问的意见可以采纳,也可以不采纳。这一点,实际上体现了对于中国共产党更多的尊重,此后红色中国选择自己的道路,也少了更多不该有的干扰。此后,共产国际也再没向中国派出过施特恩或者李德这个级别的顾问。

责任编辑:张海潮
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