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揭秘:第五次反“围剿”作战中还有第二个洋顾问

2016-09-07 13:17:19   中国军网

如果这是苏联红军的一次大兵团作战,我们要说这不但不是愚蠢的战术,相反颇为可圈可点。甚至我们会怀疑,李德这样一个没有指挥过团以上部队作战的情报军官,怎么可能拿出如此一个战役规模的作战计划来?这个计划明显有苏联红军作战的特点,不似中国红军常用的战术。

推测,这样的作战计划背后另有其人。原来,李德这个苏区的“太上皇”,自己还有一个“太上皇”,也就是在红军的第五次反“围剿”作战中,还有第二个洋顾问。这个人,是懂得怎样组织大兵团作战的。李德在中央苏区的“顾问”工作,背后有此人的有力支持,而且,正是因为他的身份特殊,导致红军将领对他和李德的军事指导难以轻易否决。

就像北伐战争派来一个加仑将军一样,苏联方面一直准备通过共产国际为正在苏区战斗的中国红军提供一名有经验的军事顾问,不过,这个人并不是李德。1933年,共产国际任命原苏联陆海军人民委员特别事务协理军官曼弗雷德 施特恩担任驻中国的总顾问。

施特恩,是一个出生在乌克兰-罗马尼亚边境的犹太人,与李德同岁,却有着完全不同的军事阅历。他在一战中参加奥匈帝国军队,被俘后被押往西伯利亚。十月革命中他获释并于1919年参加苏联红军,曾担任团政委,旅政委,骑兵师政治部主任(有资料曾指李德指挥过一个骑兵旅,大概是把施特恩在骑兵师工作的事情与其混淆了),先后参加了消灭高尔察克在远东的叛乱,击败活动于蒙古的恩琴伯爵等战斗,骁勇善战,而且同样毕业于伏龙芝军事学院——毕业时间比李德早八年,有着丰富的理论知识。1933年他受命到中国做顾问,1935年被调回莫斯科。施特恩离开中国后的经历很丰富,曾担任苏联红军骑兵第七师师长,后来去了西班牙。马德里保卫战中著名的国际纵队十一旅旅长“克拉博尔将军”就是施特恩。他参加过苏芬战争,张鼓峰和诺门坎战役,并在1940年获得上将军衔。不过,1941年他也没有逃脱肃反的网罗,被逮捕入狱并屈打成招,作为托洛茨基分子被枪决(一说死于古拉格集中营),1954年被平反昭雪。其实红军对施特恩颇有期待,只是他迟迟未到中国,才导致李德获得了军事顾问的地位。

其实施特恩到达中国并不太晚,1933年6月他已经到了上海,不知因为什么原因(也许是因为李德在语言方面做了更多的准备),却依然由李德作为施特恩的代表在此后进入苏区,而施特恩一直留在上海。按照级别李德受施特恩的领导,在上海的施特恩也与苏区一直保持着联系。毫不夸张地说中共的第五次反“围剿”很大程度上受到这位身在上海的军事总顾问施特恩的遥控影响。那么,这样一个履历明显比李德要好得多的顾问,对五次反“围剿”又起了怎样的作用呢?

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