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努尔哈赤44年戎马生涯 打仗为何总能以少胜多

2016-08-31 14:09:59   开宸 澎湃新闻网

类似的记述在《满洲实录》中还有“太祖四骑败八百兵”、“太祖独战四十人”、“太祖善射救旺善”、“太祖富尔佳齐大战”等等,记录了努尔哈赤“开创艰难自大东”的种种历程。当勇武的领袖遇到善战的兵士,战斗力便自然地得到激发。据学者考证,万历四十年(1612年)、四十一年努尔哈赤两次征乌拉时,仅在乌拉城下便损兵115人,但“诸王臣军士皆奋勇冲击”、“两军之矢风发雪落,声如群蜂,杀气冲天”。八旗兵士气之盛,可见一斑,连驻守辽东的明军将领也不得不称赞说:“其来如骤雨,去如飘风。”

四两拨千斤的谍战运用

“知己知彼,百战不殆”一直被奉为用兵圭臬。《孙子兵法·用间篇》云:“明君贤将,所以动而胜人,成功出于众者,先知也。先知者,不可取于鬼神,不可象于事,不可验于度,必取于人,知敌之情者也。”简言之,要依靠间谍来获取敌方的情报,而善于进行谍战正是努尔哈赤用兵的另一特征。

在萨尔浒之战中,努尔哈赤曾派出大量哨骑频繁往返于明边之间,收集情报并第一时间传递回后金,以致明军还未出动就已泄露师期。山西道御史冯嘉会事后奏言:“我师进剿,出揭发抄,略无秘密,以致逆奴预知,在在设伏,三路败衂职此之咎。又闻奴酋狡黠异常,不但辽左事机,尽为窥瞰,而长安邸报,亦用厚赀抄往,盖奸细广布,则传递何难?”在得到明军准确动向后,努尔哈赤又接受了降将李永芳的建议,采用“凭你几路来,我只一路去”的方针,仅用四天时间便取得了全面胜利。

在进攻明朝边关开原时,他再次派出大量谍报人员对开原城内虚实进行侦查,详细了解守军情况。前方送回的情报显示,推事官郑之范“赃私巨万”、素失军心;城中“马食菊杆,一日而倒伤二百四十九匹”,军心涣散;并且守军习惯在离城草茂之处喂养马匹,故而城内空虚。努尔哈赤随即乘虚而入,全取开原。曾任明兵部尚书、辽东经略的王在晋说:“开原未破而奸细先潜伏于城中,无亡矢遗镞之费,而成摧城陷阵之功。奴盖斗智而非徒斗力也。”

在收集情报的同时,努尔哈赤还非常重视对明军将领的策反工作。在开原,收降千总金玉和、王一屏、戴集贤、白奇策等人;在铁岭,有参将丁碧“开门迎敌”;在广宁,李永芳使出“谍中谍”的本事,成功策反明辽东巡抚王化贞的心腹战将——中军游击孙得功,后者不但主动投诚并献出了辽西重镇广宁,还差点儿将自己的老上司也一并献给后金。在谍报这没有硝烟的战场上,努尔哈赤可谓深谙其道,而他最得力的“特工”恰是深知明军底细的降将李永芳。

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