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努尔哈赤44年戎马生涯 打仗为何总能以少胜多

2016-08-31 14:09:59   开宸 澎湃新闻网

努尔哈赤对智取的重视还表现在据险设伏、诱敌深入的战术运用上。万历二十一年(1593年),海西女真叶赫部因没有达成向努尔哈赤勒索土地的目的,集结了哈达、辉发、乌拉、朱舍里、纳音、蒙古科尔沁、锡伯、卦勒察等九部三万余人,进犯建州女真。距此六年后,在整合了海西女真哈达部的前提下,建州女真的人口才刚勉强过万,古勒山之战中双方兵力的悬殊程度应该是不难想象的。

在众兵闻听三万大军来袭、骇然不已的时候,努尔哈赤对将士们说:“尔众无忧!我不使汝等至于苦战。吾立险要之出,诱彼来战。”他依据古勒山的地形特点部署兵力,据险设伏,以逸待劳,又令额亦都以百余骑兵佯败诱敌深入,集中兵力对人心不一的九部联军进行掩杀,大获全胜。只此一战斩杀叶赫贝勒布斋及兵士4000余,俘虏乌拉贝勒布占泰,缴获战马3000余、蹬甲1000余,并重创叶赫部,改写了建州女真与海西女真的实力对比。

在征战中,努尔哈赤屡施奇谋变诈之术,“审机宜,决进退”,以达到“不劳己,不顿兵”的目的,同一时期的明人评价其“狡黠异常”、“用计最诡”。他还曾多次对子弟及臣属表示:“夫不劳兵而克敌者,乃足称为智巧谋略之良将也。”

身先士卒,勇武坚毅

虽然智取能以较小的代价换取较大的收益,但在作战中完全依靠以智取胜是不现实的,在冷兵器时代,强攻还是获得胜利的基本手段。而在强攻的过程中,主帅的意志和偶像作用有时会对士兵的战斗力起到积极的作用。

有人说努尔哈赤“没有受过系统军事训练”,这显然是无视了他在辽东总兵李成梁帐下“视如养子”的经历(1574—1582年)。从某种角度而言,努尔哈赤算得上是一名职业军人,诚如他在晚年时回忆所说:“我自幼于千百军中,孤身突入,弓矢相交,兵刃相接,不知几经鏖战。”也正是在一次次的身先士卒中,努尔哈赤凭借自身的勇武与坚毅赢得了“巴图鲁”(baturu,意为“英雄”、“勇士”)的殊荣,也奠定了自己在尚武好战、崇敬英雄的部族人心中坚不可摧的崇高地位。

万历十二年(1584年)征栋鄂部,酋长阿海巴颜“聚兵四百据城以待”,努尔哈赤纵火焚城楼及村中庐舍,又亲自率领12人伏于浓烟中,趁城内以为敌兵已退出城观望之机,“突出击之,斩四人,获甲二副”。在攻打翁科洛城时他又亲自“登房,跨脊上射城內之人”,不料身中两箭流血不止,众人欲上前扶他时,却被他制止:“尔等勿得近前,恐敌知觉,待我从容自下。”结果因伤势过重几次陷入昏迷,直至“次日未时其血方止”。次年二月,努尔哈赤率75人攻打界番寨遇敌400余,在兰岗之野展开战斗,他又单骑迎敌,“奋力一刀挥讷申肩背为两段,随转身射巴穆尼于马下”。

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