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努尔哈赤44年戎马生涯 打仗为何总能以少胜多

2016-08-31 14:09:59   开宸 澎湃新闻网

努尔哈赤 资料图

本文摘自:澎湃新闻网,作者:开宸,原题为:后金建立400周年︱努尔哈赤打仗为何总能以少胜多

努尔哈赤在历史上曾有两个谥号,分别为1636年皇太极改元称帝时所加的“太祖承天广运圣德神功肇纪立极仁孝武皇帝”(即“太祖武皇帝”),和康熙元年(1662年)所定的“太祖承天广运圣德神功肇纪立极仁孝睿武弘文定业高皇帝”(即“太祖高皇帝”)。后者在历经十余代的追封加谥后,最终成为历史上字数最多的皇帝谥号——“承天广运圣德神功肇纪立极仁孝睿武端毅钦安弘文定业高”,不知这位略通汉文的女真民族英雄若真泉下有知,对此会作何感想。

“高”字在谥法中被解释为:“德覆万物、功德盛大、覆帱同天”,被渐行儒道的朝廷选中作为对开基创业祖先的溢美虽然无可厚非,但从谥号作为对前人盖棺定论评价的角度来讲,“高”字确实没有“武”字更能概括出努尔哈赤的一生。当年取得宁远大捷的袁崇焕曾评价他“屡战屡胜,熟于用兵”,就连遍览努尔哈赤的一生“没有看出进步、发展,只看到抢劫、杀戮和破坏”的人,也不得不承认“他的战役指挥水平,已经达到了炉火纯青的地步”。

“不劳己,不顿兵”

努尔哈赤在起兵之初所能依靠的不过是十三副铠甲、三十余匹战马而已,其实力与影响力均无法与海西女真乃至建州女真中受到明朝扶持的仇人尼堪外兰所匹敌。在这种境遇下能否以智胜敌,不仅仅是彰显谋略的炫耀,更像是决定生死的条件。

明万历十一年(1583年),努尔哈赤在针对尼堪外兰的复仇行动中曾与萨尔浒城城主诺米纳结为盟友,但此人却“阴助尼堪外兰”,几次将努尔哈赤的行动计划透露给后者,引起努尔哈赤的不满。适逢诺米纳想诓骗努尔哈赤为自己攻打巴尔达城,努尔哈赤将计就计,以自己兵械寡少为由令其领兵先攻,诺米纳不从,努尔哈赤又诱骗其将兵器悉数交出,不费吹灰之力夺取了萨尔浒城。

后金天命三年(1618年)的计袭抚顺也是较为典型的以智取胜的战例之一。抚顺城濒临浑河,是明朝在辽东的重要关隘,也是马市贸易的集散地。作为起兵35年来第一次与明朝军队的正面交锋,努尔哈赤权衡利弊最终决定以智取不以强攻。据《明神宗实录》记载:“先一日,奴于抚顺市口言:明日有三千达子来做大市。至日寅时,果来叩市,诱哄商人、军民出城贸易,随乘隙突入掳杀。”仅一周时间内,努尔哈赤便占领了抚顺、东州、马根单等地,虏获人畜三十余万,抚顺城守将李永芳也成为历史上第一个降清(后金)的明朝边将。

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