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伟人被讽痴人说梦:青藏铁路艰难铺设五十年

2016-07-05 14:10:38   

但随着“三年自然灾害”,1961年3月,在全国基建一片“下马”声中,青藏铁路被突然叫停。当时,铁一院已完成全线的初步设计和部分的施工设计,所有的资料被认真地封存了起来。

1978年停工,建设者和当地牧民都哭了

1973年12月9日,毛泽东在北京会见尼泊尔国王比兰德拉。80岁的伟人对28岁的尼泊尔国王语重心长地说,“你们跟我们的西藏做生意很少,要跟北京做生意就得要修一条铁路到你们边境才有可能。我就是想修铁路这件事。”4个月后,周恩来总理找到铁道兵领导:“边疆人大代表强烈要求通铁路啊,青藏线你们要抓紧上马。”

1974年,沉寂了整整13年的青藏铁路又一次迎来建设高峰。首先是西格段恢复施工,青藏高原一下子集结了6万人的铁道兵。其次是格拉段展开会战。一方面,来自全国的1700多名科技人员,在全国范围内开展青藏铁路科研攻关大合作。另一支1700人的队伍是铁道部第一勘测设计院的6个勘测队,外加物探队和钻探队。站舍、路基、桥梁、隧道都设计出来了,人工手绘的图纸可拉两大卡车。定测后施工的木桩,一根一根地从柴达木盆地登上昆仑,穿可可西里,过5000多米的唐古拉山口,向拉萨方向不断延伸。

青藏铁路有32公里路段要通过盐湖,是青藏线施工的一大难题。位于柴达木盆地中南部的我国最大盐湖察尔汗盐湖,由于常年干旱,盐湖水分蒸发量大,湖面凝结成一层厚厚的盐盖。受雨水和季节性河流溶蚀,盐盖下是大小各异的溶洞,不要说跑火车,就是人在上面走都很危险。铁路还要经过一段5公里的粉细沙震动液化地带,这种结构受到震动,会立刻变成一片沼泽。

最终,担负施工的指战员们和科研工作者共同试验,采取以砂治盐,打挤密砂桩的方法,在盐湖上筑起一条万丈“盐桥”——长达32公里的牢固的晶体路堤,人们看不到桥墩、桥梁、栏杆,湖面下,5.7万根总延长13.5万米的挤密砂桩支撑着湖面上的钢轨和路基。这项工程为我国在盐湖地带修建铁路积累了经验。

战严寒、斗缺氧、克盐湖,铁道兵用了5年时间,把铁路向西推进了800多公里,一直修到昆仑山脚下的南山口。

1978年,刚刚历经10年浩劫的国民经济到了崩溃的边缘,已无法维系进藏铁路的修建;高原和冻土两大难题尚未得到彻底解决,5年间已先后有400余名官兵牺牲。为此,铁道部和铁道兵联合打报告,建议停建格尔木至拉萨段。

接到停工命令,很多人都哭了,闻讯赶来的当地牧民也哭了。面对着越来越多赶来送行的藏族同胞,当时的现场负责人、青藏铁路第二任总设计师张树森依依不舍,一步一回头。

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