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到17世纪,英国在北美殖民地的政策给犹太人提供的自由,超过了世界其他多数地方。北美的第一座犹太教堂于1695年在纽约建立起来。尽管瑟法底犹太人的钱财常常在他们抵达北美殖民地之际已经耗尽(或被没收),但他们那种赚钱的本领还在,到了美国照样能再富起来。在美国革命时,13个殖民地的犹太人通通加起来,共约2 000人。其中多属瑟法底教派,他们现在已很阔绰了,常常对美国的阿什卡纳兹犹太人摆出一副“排斥和傲慢的态度”。一个瑟法底犹太人与一个阿什卡纳兹犹太人结婚,往往要冒着被赶出家门的危险。虽然这两部分犹太人的宗教仪式只在细枝末节上有所差别,但他们在荷兰和英国是泾渭分明的,尽管都是同一宗教的信徒,但千百年来因居住在不同国度而形成了社会差异。在当代,不管是在美国还在以色列,瑟法底犹太人的平均智商都不如阿什卡纳兹犹太人。从历史上看,瑟法底犹太人从来不像其他犹太人那样擅长学术,但经商却是拿手好戏。比起当代其他国家的犹太人来,瑟法底犹太人在这个赋予他们更多机会的世界上,是更讲实惠的。
德国犹太人
在瑟法底犹太人进入美洲殖民地之后不久,德国犹太人也来了。开始时他们只是零星陆续到达的,像一股涓涓小溪流入了现有的犹太人社区,并学会了瑟法底犹太人的祈祷仪式。随着他们移美人数不断增多,这批德国犹太人就另起炉灶,形成自己的社区,建立起行阿什卡纳兹礼仪—尤其是改革的犹太教礼仪的教堂。
后来(特别是19世纪时)到达的这批德国犹太人,不仅人地生疏,而且更贫困,更缺乏文化上的适应能力,且又来自德意志乡下的小城镇,没见过世面。他们与老一辈的瑟法底犹太人有很大的社会差别,那时后者在美国已站稳脚跟,日子也蒸蒸日上。
来自德国的犹太移民,极大地扩充了美国的犹太人社区,也改变了它的内部构成。1776年,北美殖民地的犹太人不到3 000人,但到1820年,这个数字就增加了4~5倍,到1850年,更增加到10倍,而到1880年,犹太人口又在1850年的基础上增加了10倍,超过50万之众。其中大多是来自德国的犹太移民。
德国犹太人并不集中住在少数社区,这既不同于比他们早来的瑟法底犹太人,亦不同于比他们晚来的东欧犹太人。他们散居在美国各地,作为零售商和专业人员分布在他们的服务对象—非犹太人顾客之间。有些人在宾夕法尼亚州的德裔农场主当中安家落户,有的人在中西部定居下来,常常也住在德裔社区,另外一些人则跟着大篷车向西部边疆迸发。这批德国犹太人当中,有个货郎名叫李维?斯特劳斯,那粗笨的李维斯斜纹牛仔裤,就是以他的名字命名的。
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