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难解史上犹太人:为什么总是容易受攻击迫害?

2016-07-04 14:55:12   人民网

在农村和边疆地区,人们寂寞得发慌,来个串乡的犹太货郎那是大受欢迎的。这种体验和犹太人在欧洲的经历形成鲜明的对比。以前也曾有美国佬当货郎的,所以美国人习惯于向那些走街串巷送货上门的小商贩买些针线、梳子剪刀一类的日用杂品。

德裔犹太人货郎开始时一般都是背着个大货包徒步而行,后来才有买卖做得不错的人驾起了马车。有些货郎最后定居下来,在当地开店。许多犹太豪门巨富都是在美国当货郎发家的,例如古根海姆家族、金贝尔家族和阿尔特曼家族等。

到19世纪中期,犹太人已被接纳为美国社会的一部分,而且多属德国犹太人。到美国南北战争时,仅纽约一地就有50多座犹太教堂,还有不胜枚举的犹太人市民团体和慈善组织。德国犹太人不仅在自己的社区里表现积极,而且作为商人和银行家,也活跃于美国社会各界。著名的R?G?邓氏信贷评价机构在1860年发现有374家犹太人的公司具有商业信誉,到1870年,这样的犹太人公司则有1 714家。许多犹太人后来果然大显身手,创办出像梅西百货公司和西尔斯–罗巴克百货公司这样一些价值连城的美国联号百货公司,以及像《纽约时报》这样庞大的新闻机构。1840年有40%的德国犹太人家庭至少雇一个佣人。犹太户主仍然当货郎的只占1%,而干体力活和做家佣的连1%都不到。

从某种意义上说,犹太人已在此时“到达”美国。从另外一种意义上说,即从数量上来看,他们尚未开始“到达”,因为真正大规模的来自东欧的犹太人移民到19世纪80年代才开始。他们才是今天多数美国犹太人的祖先。

东欧犹太人

在13世纪和14世纪,波兰王室鼓励犹太人在其国土上定居,并颁发保护他们的特许状。犹太人成了欧洲先进地区的技术和知识传入波兰的载体。和当时处在其他地方的同胞相比,波兰的犹太人被赋予了更多的自由和社区自治权利,未被禁闭在集聚区,尽管他们根据犹太教法典的教导,通常仍住在一起。然而经过几个世纪之后,犹太工匠和商人的家业逐渐壮大起来,这就招致周围贫穷而不识字的波兰农民及其教会头目的憎恶和仇恨。犹太人充当政府的税务员或给地主收租,这更使他们成为当地民众的眼中钉。随着政治气候的变化,犹太人时而受到当局的保护,时而遭到当局的迫害。

在18世纪,有犹太人居住的欧洲地区大部分被俄国人所占领,在此之前,俄国的犹太人寥寥无几,于是俄国人就在刚从波兰手里夺取过来的那些地方,把犹太人禁锢在他们原来的居住区。叶卡列琳娜二世在1791年确立了一个名为“犹太人集居隔离区”的地带,周围竖起栅栏。几乎没有什么犹太人能获准走出“隔离区”之外。犹太人先前在波兰享受的许多权利,都被俄国人取消了。后来的历代沙皇,对犹太人的政策皆属变化无常,有的沙皇感到犹太人的技术是可贵的,有的沙皇则担心犹太人在宗教和社会两方面与其他俄国人存在着差别。19世纪还曾有过借助野蛮而残忍的办法来使犹太人“俄国化”的尝试—将12岁(或更幼小的)犹太男孩强行送到希腊东正教的学校里接受为期6年的训练,然后再把他们送到军队里服役25年(所有的俄国男性都必须这样做)。犹太人想尽一切办法逃避这种灾殃,甚至包括把自己的孩子弄成残废。为了对付犹太人的逃避,俄国人也使用同样严酷的手段,包括派出绑架者四处搜寻,随时捉拿碰见的犹太人子弟。此项法律在沙皇亚历山大二世时最终被废除。亚历山大二世还解放了奴隶。但由于这位沙皇在1881年遇刺,他的儿子又颁布了新的一套激烈反对犹太人的法律。

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