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难解史上犹太人:为什么总是容易受攻击迫害?

2016-07-04 14:55:12   人民网

甚至对那些坚守犹太教信仰的人来说,在较为开明的西欧,这样做也并不意味着与周围的人有什么隔膜或就失去了国籍。他们可以被认为是具有犹太教信仰的法国人、德国人或荷兰人。在东欧,坚持做一个犹太教徒,简直就成了一个完全别具身份的人,具有不同形式的崇拜和衣饰。简言之,西欧的犹太人和东欧的犹太人在19世纪大规模向美国移民时,二者之间存在着深刻的社会分歧,甚至存在着宗教分歧。

瑟法底犹太人

第一批抵达北美殖民地的犹太人是所谓的瑟法底犹太人,他们有自己的一套宗教仪式(和欧洲其他地方的阿什卡纳兹犹太人的仪式有别)和在西班牙及葡萄牙长期生活的社会经历,这两个国家对待犹太人比起别的地方,一般来说要友好些。在西班牙、葡萄牙两国,犹太人并未被禁闭在集聚区,有的甚至是大地主、达官显要、银行家和工业家。犹太人主宰着自由职业,虽然多属工匠、小店主、放债者之流。然而,伊比利亚半岛的犹太人,历史上也并未完全免遭其他地方发生的那种迫害和零星屠杀。在6世纪到8世纪西哥特人统治时期,犹太人的地位在几任国王统治下,曾翻来覆去地变化过好几次—有时被奉为上宾,在政府最高层左辅右拥;有时则被撵下台,甚至被迫逃离国境。但是,后来的西班牙各王朝就愿意为犹太人提供保护,同时也利用他们管理政府机构的本领,并从他们的一般经济活动中受益。

第一批前来美洲殖民地的犹太人之所以要到美洲来,是由哥伦布发现西半球那一年所引发的一系列事件导致的结果。比起欧洲其他地方的同胞来,散居西班牙的犹太人多个世纪以来一直生活在相当宽容和兴旺的环境里,但是在1492年,王室的一纸诏书突然将他们逐出国门。在这次大驱赶的背后,有着复杂的政治内幕。离开的犹太人各奔东西。有的人登上了赛维利亚港口边的船,当时哥伦布率领他的船队从他们身边扬帆而过,去寻找通向印度的航线。那些为了逃脱迫害而皈依基督教的人,有的就充当了哥伦布的船员。资助哥伦布探险的基金,有一部分确实就是政府从被赶走的犹太人那里没收得来的。既然当初曾经被迫拿钱出来帮助支付发现美洲的经费,日后犹太人在美国定居比在世界上任何国家都多,甚至超过以色列,这恐怕是理所当然的了!

许多被驱逐的犹太人首先在邻近的葡萄牙安顿下来,但另一些人却去了荷兰或其他安全地区。阿姆斯特丹的瑟法底犹太社区,曾助小小的荷兰以一臂之力,使之成为国际商业和金融的一强。葡萄牙在耍尽各种手段把犹太人的钱财榨干之后,最终也把他们许多人一脚踢开。其他地方政治力量的变化,例如巴西从荷兰殖民地变成了葡萄牙的殖民地,也迫使瑟法底犹太人继续迁移。

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