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竟然是虱子击碎了拿破仑东征梦?

2016-06-21 14:43:13   青年参考

《蒂尔西特条约》生效后,法俄名义上成为盟友,但始终同床异梦,俄罗斯与英国之间的生意往来也没有彻底断绝。拿破仑盘算再三,终于以俄方“违约”为由开启了东征之路。1812年6月,大军在德国东部集结完毕,拿破仑在涅曼河西岸检阅了部队。待工兵搭好浮桥,随着一声令下,包括仆从国士兵及后勤力量在内的数十万人,踏进了波兰领土。

此前,一切都顺风顺水,中欧平原炎热干燥,部队的行进畅通无阻。拿破仑让补给单位走在主力前面,确保了军粮的及时供应,士兵们的身体非常健康。虽然法军在前往波兰沿途的马格德堡、埃尔富特、波森和柏林等地设立了流动医院,但很少派上用场。

正是在侵入波兰后,形势开始急转直下。法国军人发现,这个国家“脏得难以置信”:农民从不梳头洗脸,乱蓬蓬的头发里到处是虱子和跳蚤,每间村社都被蟑螂充斥,连水井也不干净。道路平时铺满浮土,暴雨过后到处是泥泞的车辙;数万匹军马因疫病接二连三地倒毙,装载补给品的大车被主力部队越拉越远,提供食物和饮水变得愈发困难。

由于兵力太过庞大,要保持队形完整几乎不可能,掉队的士兵成了无人管束的劫匪,抢劫当地人的牲畜和庄稼。随着大军逐渐接近俄罗斯边境,痢疾等常见的肠道疾病开始冒头,新的战地医院在格但斯克、柯尼斯堡、托伦相继建立,但跟不上病号的爆发式增长。

几乎没人逃脱“虱口”

拿破仑的麻烦接踵而至。跨过涅曼河大约一个礼拜,有士兵开始发高烧、出红疹;重病者的脸变成青色,不久便一命呜呼。最可怕的传染病——斑疹伤寒露出了狰狞面目。

在医疗卫生条件恶劣的19世纪,斑疹伤寒在波兰和俄罗斯属于常见病。1812年夏秋之交,疫情尤其严重——俄罗斯人在撤离波兰前捣毁了当地的基础设施,加上天气异常炎热,加速了各种寄生虫的繁殖和传播。斑疹伤寒是由“普氏立克次氏体”引起,该病原体则存在于虱子的粪便中;问题在于,这一传染链条要到20世纪以后才会被医学界知晓。

混杂着泥土的汗水浸透了法国远征军的制服,一套军装往往要穿好几个礼拜。小小的寄生虫如影随形,以衣服的接缝为家,以士兵的血肉为食。一旦皮肤被虱粪污染,伤寒胚芽就会从细小的伤口钻进受害者体内。更糟糕的是,因为担心遭到俄军小股部队夜袭,法军战士只能成群结队地睡在封闭的房舍里,结果,几乎没人能从“虱口”下幸免。进入俄罗斯不到一个月,拿破仑就损失了8万人,许多失去行动能力的重病号进一步拖累了后勤。

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