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1930年代德国为何多次向中国提供军事支持?

2016-06-21 14:41:36   人民网

在所有的德国顾问中,最著名的是有“国防军之父”之称的塞克特将军了。塞克特曾在蒋介石的盛邀下两次来华,他1934年4月第二次来华担任总顾问之职时已是67岁高龄。蒋介石对他十分尊崇,使他在给家人的信中自夸为“军事上的孔夫子”。南京给他每月2000美元工资,是前任顾问魏采尔的3倍,据说这是“南京政府付给一位外国顾问的前所未有的高薪”。他的门口还有礼仪士兵站岗,平时有4位保安跟随,旅行时乘坐特供的车厢。蒋介石不在时,他还可坐在蒋介石的办公室召见中国军官。1936年12月27日,塞克特因心脏病逝世后,南京国民政府还特别为他举行了追悼大会,蒋介石因“西安事变”后回溪口休养,由何应钦代他致悼词,给予塞克特高度评价。

德国顾问们在华使命的结束

在国、共两党的历史上,德国顾问都是值得书写的重要内容,因为他们对中国政局、军事力量的变革都发挥了举足轻重的影响。但随着第五次反“围剿”的失败和第二次世界大战的蔓延,这些顾问们都先后结束了自己在华的使命。

先说李德。在他的错误指挥下,中央红军反“围剿”频频失利,最后被迫放弃中央苏区进行战略转移。在遵义会议上,李德因在军事指挥方面的错误被批评,接着被取消了军事顾问的名义。失去了顾问职位的李德跟随红军走完了长征的全部路程,最后到达陕北。由此,他成为唯一一个经历过长征的外国人。

李德在长征途中也经历了每个普通红军所遇到的困难。他后来在回忆录中对长征中过草地时的艰苦程度进行了这样的描述:“灰色的云层挂在天际,几乎一直贴到地面,往往白天冷雨淅沥,夜间雨雪交加。四处没有房屋,没有树,几乎连一丛灌木也没有。我们蜷缩着坐在高出沼泽的小丘上睡觉,只用薄毯子和大草帽这些军队发的装备,或者用油纸伞以及在极少的情况下用缴获的无袖雨衣来遮盖自己的身子。有的人早上就再也起不来了,他们在寒冷和疲惫中牺牲了。”

在红一、四方面军会师后,李德也对张国焘分裂红军的行为进行了坚决抵制,并在组建的红军大学从事军事教育工作。尽管他实际指挥作战水平不高,但毕竟是伏龙芝军事学院毕业,他在军事理论、图上作业等方面还是有一套的。有时候,军事上已经靠边站的他,也会被邀请列席中共中央军委和政治局的会议。

抗战爆发后,他还担任过中央军事研究委员会编委会的主任,后去抗日军政大学讲授过一些战术课。1939年,李德返回苏联,所幸的是此时大清洗已经过去,斯大林并没有为难他,在李德为自己在中国的失误做出检讨并保证对中国的事情守口如瓶后,将他调出共产国际,到苏联的外文出版社编译马列著作。二战后,李德返回东德,后为协助苏联反华写了一些文章,攻击毛泽东,并对中国革命史进行了歪曲性的报道。1974年8月15日,李德因病去世。

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