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1930年代德国为何多次向中国提供军事支持?

2016-06-21 14:41:36   人民网

为了东山再起,德国不断向外派遣军事顾问,一是为了保证退役军官的素质,二是为给德国的工业和军用品寻找市场与战略物资。由于德国被强制裁军,使得大批具有军事技术技能的军官们无事可做。根据《凡尔赛条约》,禁止德国战略物资的出口,同时也禁止德国公民以军事资格受聘于外国,所以德国军官们通常是以“平民”身份受聘,而德国政府则宣称无权阻止他们。这样,1928年11月,经过中、德两国反复磋商,由德国名将鲍尔率领下的首批德国顾问团来华,主要是为德国的军事装备开拓中国市场和帮助蒋介石训练军队。

早在1930年的中原大战中,蒋介石就使用了由德国人训练的军队,最后在张学良的帮助下,最终打败了反对者,蒋介石也渡过了他一生中最严重的政治危机。这些德式训练的军队,同时也被用于“剿共”军事。由于蒋介石利用德国军事顾问来训练军队,红军就要被他们俘虏的国民党军官来给红军战士讲授德式战术课,例如《多种武器的使用与作战》等。这大概有点冷幽默的味道,德国军事顾问的训练方式,居然在国、共两党的军队中被同时使用。

在德国顾问的建议下,在第五次“围剿”中,蒋介石改变之前派兵“分路围攻,长驱直入”的战术,实行“碉堡政策”。所谓“碉堡政策”,简单地说,就是在根据地周围连绵建筑一道道封锁线,在步枪火力能够交叉的地方修筑两个碉堡,每五个碉堡之间建筑一个大碉堡,并用公路连接起来,形成碉堡公路网,然后修建储藏弹药和给养的仓库;接着在若干距离处又修筑第二道碉堡封锁线,建筑的方法与第一道相同,待第二道完成后,再把第一道拆除,将砖石材料移建第三道碉堡。这样,逐次推进,在飞机和大炮的配合下,向根据地匍匐蚕食。这无疑增加了苏区的困难,使其与外界的联系完全被断绝,一时之间,苏区的物资变得异常匮乏,就连生活必需品食盐都难以供应。

实践证明,这种办法确实在第五次“围剿”中起到了预期的效果。蒋介石命令部队每天只向前推进固定的距离,然后就开始修筑碉堡。无论红军如何“示弱”,国民党军队皆不予理会,这让红军“诱敌深入,集中优势兵力歼灭敌人一部”的战术基本失去了效用。而且蒋也仿照德国,对现役军官进行轮训。据当时在国民党军第十八军任连长的杨伯涛回忆,自从1933年蒋介石开办庐山军官训练团后,该军上至军长、下至排长均分批前往受训。经过此次集训,该军的作风有了很大的改变,军官无论职位大小,一律不佩武装带,身着布制军衣,脚穿草鞋或胶鞋,和士兵一起吃大锅饭。这种办法使红军的狙击手无法确定狙击目标,同时也使国民党军士兵的战斗力大大提高。除此之外,各师、团部均设置武装便衣队,专门负责侦查。这样,加之共产党方面的德国顾问指挥失误,红军损失惨重就是自然而然的了。

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